Investigatory Project in Biology

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CHILI (CAPSICUM ANNUM) except An Investigatory Research Presented to Mrs. Presented by CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the rent . Capsicum annuum is a domestic species of the adjust genus Capsicum native to gray North America and northern southeastward America. Chili has been a musical composition of the human diet in the Americas since at least 7500 BC. There is archaeological evidence at sites sterilizeed in southwestern Ecuador that chilly peppers were domesticated more than 6000 years ago and is one of the first cultivated crops in the Central and South Americas that is self-pollinating.The do is a perennial, but usually great(p) as an one-year, with a densely branched stem. The plant reaches 0. 51. 5 m (2060 in). The species is a source of popular reinvigorated peppers and acid chilly fruit, and numerous varieties be cultivated around the world. Despite world a hit species, Capsicum annuum has many cultivars, with a variety of hangs. In American English it is greenly known as a cayenne pepper pepper or bell pepper. Hot peppers are apply in medicine as well as food in Africa.It is busy in medicine, in combination with Cinchona in intermittent and languid affections, and too in atonic gout, dyspepsia accompanied by flatulence, tympanitis, palsy etc. Its intimately valuable application appears however to be in cynanche maligna and scarlatina maligna, use all as a gargle or administered internally. In this inquiry, antimicrobial activity of chili go forth be studied. true bacteria and fungal species go forth be the focus of the experiment. Bacteria much(prenominal) as Staphylococcus aureus and fungi like T fatophyton rubrum Statement of the ProblemThe main(prenominal) problem of this translate is to determine the antimicrobial activity of chili (Capsicum annum) extract. This teaching also intends to answer the following. 1. The effectiveness of the chili extract as an antimicrobial. 2. The r esolution of the bacteria species to the chili extract. 3. The response of the fungal species to the chili extract. Significance of the remove This study would add knowledge in the field of science. This would also be a help in further studies about plants as antimicrobial. comprehension students and science teachers can use this as a source for coming(prenominal) research with regards to this study.The public would directly benefited by this study. Infections of bacteria and fungi to humans such as pimples, athletes foot, skin infection and profligacy allow be aided infixedly. Since chili is cut-rate and highly available, spate can easily get and make antimicrobial extract from chili. Moreover, this study may as well be use by in store(predicate) researchers as a resource material. Scope and Limitation of the Study This research would make use extract from chili as antimicrobial. Other natural extracts from other plants are excluded. Antimicrobial activity includes bacte ria and fungal species.Bacteria species populate of Staphylococcus aureus while fungal species consist of Trichophyton rubrum. Dealing with microorganisms index be exposed for contamination. Aseptic technique should be observed. Over 2 plates of microorganisms forget be prepared and a many laboratory whole kit will be done. This might lessen the effectiveness of the research information and result due to human cause. Thats why human diligence and strength should be employed to avoid incorrect result. CHAPTER II recap OF RELATED LITERATURE Capsicum Annuum as PlantCapsicum annuum is a domesticated species of the plant genus Capsicum native to southern North America and northern South America. The three species C. annuum, C. frutescens and C. chinense all evolved from a single common ancestor located somewhere in the northwest Brazil Columbia area. his species is the most common and extensively cultivated of the five domesticated capiscums. The name annuum means annual (from th e Latin annus year, the plant is not an annual and in the absence of winter frosts can survive several(prenominal) seasons and grow into a gravid perennial shrub. The C. nnuum is especially productive in warm and dry climates. The single flowers are an off-white (some clips purplish) color whilst the stem is densely branched and up to 60centimetres (24 in) tall. When ripe, the fruit may be green, yellow or red. In American English the plant is commonly known as a chili pepper or bell pepper. Sweet peppers are very ofttimes used as a bulking agent in cheap ready made meals/take-away food as they are cheap, have a strong flavour, and are colorful. The colorful aspect of peppers increases the visual raise of the food, making it more appetizing.Capsaicin, a chemical found in chili peppers, creates a burning sensation once ingested which can last for several hours after ingestion. In British English, the sweet varieties are called red or green peppers, and the hot varieties chillies whereas in Australian and Indian English the name capsicum is commonly used for bell peppers exclusively and chilli is often used to encompass the hotter varieties. Uses of Capsicum Annuum The species is a source of popular sweet peppers and hot chilis with numerous varieties cultivated all around the world.Hot peppers are used in medicine in Africa and other countries. It is employed in medicine, in combination with Cinchona in intermittent and lethargic affections, and also in atonic gout, dyspepsia accompanied by flatulence, tympanitis, paralysis etc. Its most valuable application appears however to be in cynanche maligna (acute diptheria) and scarlatina maligna (malignent orange red fever, used either as a gargle or administered internally. It is also considered efficacious for a wide variety of symptoms including sore throat nd fever. Microorganisms Microorganisms are very diverse they include bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protists microscopic plants (green algae) and animals s uch as plankton and the planarian. Some microbiologists also include viruses, but others consider these as non-living. intimately microorganisms are unicellular (single-celled), but this is not universal, since some multicellular organisms are microscopic, while some unicellular protists and bacteria, like Thiomargarita namibiensis, are macroscopic and megascopic to the naked eye.Microorganisms live in all parts of the biosphere where there is lucid water, including soil, hot springs, on the ocean floor, high in the atmosphere and thick(p) inside rocks at heart the Earths crust. Microorganisms are critical to nutrient recycling in ecosystems as they act as decomposers. As some microorganisms can fix nitrogen, they are a vital part of the nitrogen cycle, and recent studies prove that airborne microbes may play a role in hurriedness and weather.Microbes are also exploited by people in biotechnology, both(prenominal) in traditional food and beverage preparation, and in modern te chnologies establish on genetic engineering. However, pathogenic microbes are harmful, since they invade and grow within other organisms, create diseases that kill people, other animals and plants. Antimicrobials An antimicrobial is a nucleus that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms1 such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans. Antimicrobial drugs either kill microbes (microbiocidal) or keep on the growth of microbes (microbiostatic).Disinfectants are antimicrobial substances used on non-living objects or outside the body. The history of antimicrobials begins with the observations of Pasteur and Joubert, who discovered that one fibre of bacteria could prevent the growth of another. They did not know at that time that the reason one bacterium failed to grow was that the other bacterium was producing an antibiotic. Technically, antibiotics are only those substances that are produced by one microorganism that kill, or prevent the growth, of another microorganism.Of course, i n todays common usage, the term antibiotic is used to partake to almost any drug that attempts to rid your body of a bacterial infection. Antimicrobials include not just antibiotics, but synthetically formed compounds as well. Antimicrobial nanotechnology is a recent addition to the fight against disease causing organisms, replacing heavy metals and toxins and may some day be a viable alternative. Infections that are acquired during a hospital visit are called hospital acquired infections or nosocomial infections.Similarly, when the infectious disease is picked up in the non-hospital present it is considered community acquired. Natural Antimicrobials Many these plants have been investigated scientifically for antimicrobial activity, and a large number of plant products have been shown to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. A number of these agents appear to have structures and modes of action that are transparent from those of the antibiotics in current use, sugges ting that cross-resistance with agents already in use may be minimal.So, it is worthwhile to study plants and plant products for activity against resistant bacteria. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. CHAPTER III methodology Materials Chili Forceps Mortal and Pestle Bacteria culture Blender fungous culture Cheese fabricSmall circular absorbant paper Beaker Research Design In this study, the antimicrobial activity of Capsicum annum will be measured quantitatively against bacterial and fungal species.The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) will be qualitatively determined. Plant Collection and Sampling Method Chili (Capsicum annum) plant will be obtained from the local market of Zamboanga City. Mature chili will be use having a usable size of 1/4 inch in diameter. Chili will be purchased using bare(a) random sampling. This will be appl ied to all chili vendors in the market. They will be washed in sterile water and will be crushed prior to extraction. Extraction Process The 40g crushed chili will be blended until is reaches a smooth texture. The chili dope up will be strained by a cheese cloth and extract the juice.The chili extract will be then gravel aside for the experiment. Bacterial and Fungal Culture The Staphylococcus aureus and Trichophyton rubrum will be used in the experiment. These microorganisms will be obtained from Department of scientific discipline and Technology (DOST). Data Gathering Procedure The MIC will be evaluated on the chili extract showing an antimicrobial activity. From the chili extract, a bittie circular absorbent paper will be soaked and place on the surface of the cultured microorganism. After 2 days. Result will be observed. The zone of inhibition