The Effect Of Media Images :: essays research papers

It was fashionable to be fat throughout most of history. Obesity was attractive because it was considered to be a sign of wealth. Those who could harbor enough food to keep themselves and their family well fed were people with money. In the past century, however, food has been abundant in most of the developed nations, and turn outness has make up fashionable. Eating disorders have increased significantly over the past thirty years. The two most common eating disorders include anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is a unhealthiness in which women get very self-conscious about their weight and have an intense fear of becoming fat. They go to such extremes as starving themselves in order to keep thin, and some use additional methods such as vomiting, taking excessive amounts of laxatives, or exercising profusely. Bulimia nervosa on the other blow over is an eating disorder in which the patient eats large amounts of food in a short period of time, also known as satiat e eating. Another symptom of bulimia is ridding oneself of food through vomiting, using laxatives, or over-exercising, commonly known as purging. Women with anorexia nervosa or bulimia often experience scare away and decreased energy, headaches, personality changes, and abdominal pain. If an eating disorder is left untreated, it can lead to serious health damage, even death. These eating disorders are usually brought on because a girl is unsatisfied with her own body image. Oftentimes she feels out of control, and restricting her intake of food is one way to regain control. The patient has a sense of power over food, and this makes her feel more secure about everything else going on in her life. Many times, girls with low self-esteem are the victims of eating disorders because they often seek approval from their peers. By being thinner, they believe that they will run short more desirable. Studies have shown that the majority of women with eating disorders are adolescents.What mak es a spring chicken woman associate thinness with beauty? Many are now beginning to believe that the media has much to do with how women view themselves. Young women see thin models and actresses in magazines, advertisements, and television shows. The media have portrayed the successful and beautiful protagonists as thin. They have promoted the image of thinness through popular programming.. Thinness has thus become associated with self control and success. The average American womans body weight has increased over the past thirty years, yet the models that represent American women have become increasingly thinner.

The Child in Flannery O’Connor’s A Temple of the Holy Ghost Essay

The Child in Flannery OConnors A Temple of the Holy GhostNone of their ways were lost on the shaver (236). This passage introduces the main character only named the child in Flannery OConnors short story A Temple of the Holy Ghost and thusly she is influenced not only by the two girls that this line refers to, but by everything she hears and sees. She is very direct and speaks without thinking, for example when she asks her mother to invite Mr. Cheat, an admirer of Miss Kirbys, the schoolteacher who is lodging with her family. Her directness can be read as ugliness as she herself calls it. The line None of their ways were lost on the child (236) mentions for the first of all time the very important characteristic of the child that turns out to be central to the story, that really nothing, especially things that atomic number 18 said, are lost on the child, they are much more repeated and reappear throughout the story in different contexts. The story shows a girl caught between Ca tholicism and secular things, as she mixes everything in her very own picture of the world.The first thing that has an impact on the child is when the girls tell how Sister Perpetua told them to stop ungentlemanly boys by state Stop sir I am the Temple of the Holy Ghost (238). She sees how the phraseology influences Miss Kirby and she herself feels as if somebody as given her a present (238). This phrase reappears as a motif later in the story and already in this original context the religious is confronted with the secular. She constantly thinks about being a good person, she would even like to have been a saint, because that included everything you could know (243) but she thinks that she has too many faults such as being a liar, ... ... tactual sensation and she finally realizes she is in the presence of God (247). These effects make her calm down and start to pray and confess her sins although mechanically Hep me not to be so meanHep me not to give her so much sass. Hep me n ot to talk like I do. When the priest finally raises the demonstration with the Host shining ivory-colored in the center of it she is in turn reminded of the freak at the light and what he said and the religious world and the world of the fair are mixed together in her mind. The last image of the story is the child seeing the setting sun from the car on their way support home from the convent and she imagines it to be a Host that is drenched in blood. One last time the interrelation of church and fair become visible as she imagines this scene right after Alonzo mentions that the fair has been shut down on request of preachers.

Robert Johnson :: Biographies Musicians Blues Essays

Robert JohnsonI went down to the crossroads fell down on my knees. Robert Johnson went to the crossroads and his keep was never the same again. The purpose of this essay is to tell you about the spiritedness of Robert Johnson. He is the root of much of the music of today. If he didnt influence the musicians of today directly, he influenced the bands that influenced todays music. Robert Johnson is more than just another Blues man with a sad story. To sing the blues with as much soul as Robert Johnson did, you know his life was rough. The life of Robert Johnson was memorable but short. Robert Johnson was born on May 8, 1911. Robert was a product of an extramarital involution. He lived with many different father figures before locomote 40 miles south of Memphis to Robinsonville, disseminated multiple sclerosis, where he would live till his early adulthood. The low gear instrument Robert played was the harmonica. Robert quit school as a teen and started work in the cotton fields. Robert left that life to travel and play his music. He began to play the guitar around the age of fifteen. Famous blues men Charlie Patton and Willie Brown influenced Johnson when he was young. At age 17, Robert married Virginia Travis. She and their first baby died during childbirth. Johnson then went on the road. Robert traveled all over the Midwest and all the way down to Mississippi and Arkansas. He married Calletta Craft during his travels. She died only a few years later while Robert was on the road. On November 23, 1936, Johnson put down his music for the first time. The first song he recorded was Terraplane Blues. It became a best-selling hit for Vocalon, a Columbia Records specialty label. In June of 1937, Johnson recorded for his fifth and final time. Johnson only recorded 29 songs during his lifetime. Johnson would have recorded many more songs and may have been an even bigger legend than he already is if his life was cut short. The conclusion of Robert Johnson was trag ic and the myths that surround him will last forever. In August 1938, Johnson played the last show of his life. The jealous husband of a woman that he began an affair with while in Greenwood, Mississippi poisoned Johnson. During the show the husband poisoned Johnsons whiskey. Johnson died on August 13th, 1938, three days after he was poisoned.

The Passive Voice Essays -- Research Paper Language Papers

The Passive Voice The English language has two voices--the active and the dormant. The active voice and the passive voice differ in that a passive verb phrase has an additional auxiliary BE followed by an EN participle. In a sense, the English passive is inflexible when compared to the passive organisation of other languages. For example, some languages use word order, verb inflections, and impersonal constructions to form the passive voice. In their book, The Grammar Book ESL/EFL Teachers Course, Celce-Murcia and Larson-Freeman demonstrate how the Bantu passive voice differs from the English passive voice. Kingarwanda, a Bantu language, can gravel even a locative phrase the subject of the passive as in On the bus was eaten a machinate by John, which would not be harmonizeable in English (221). Furthermore, topicalization is another grammar issue which differs from language to language. In the Kingarwanda sentence, On the bus was eaten a sandwich by John, the center of attention or the topic of the sentence is the phrase On the bus. Since languages have different rules which govern topicalization, several languages may not accept On the bus as the topic of a sentence. In the book, light(a) and Coherent Prose, William Vande Kopple discusses topicalization in the English language. Kopple states that the English language uses topicalizers to fulfill special functions in essays (41). Several of these functions are focusing the readers attention on a specific part of a sentence, expressing given or old information at the fount of a sentence, marking changes in topics, and lastly, setting contrasts between one topic and another (41). Since there are differences in topicalization and the formation of the passive voice, no... ...I must make my students aware of these differences. Moreover, I want my student to understand both the active and the passive voice and be able to choose which voice to use in their writing. Works CitedAghbar, Ali. The New York Times Ed itorial Corpus.Alexander, L. G. Longman of English. New York Longman Inc.,1988.Besnier, N., and Edward Finegan. Language Its Structureand Use. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989.Celce-Murcia, M., and Diana Larson-Freeman. The Grammar Book An ESL/EFL Teachers Course. Massachusetts Newbury House Publishers Inc., 1983.Kaplan, J. P. English Grammar Principles and Facts. New YorkPrentice-Hall, 1989.Kopple, William Vande. Clear and Coherent Prose A FunctionalApproach. Boston Scott, Foresman and Company, 1989.Lyles, B. A Basic Grammar of Modern English. New YorkPrentice-Hall, 1989.

Capote Essay -- Analysis, Journalism, Literary Adaptations

Even though it is problematic to define the happening of an event as a text or hypotext, works of literary journalism argon closely related to the framework of adaptations because an adaptation is defined as the process of making a work of art upon the basis of elements provided in a divergent medium furthermore, works of literary journalism often resemble the filmic construction of a screen play. Before I support my argument by victimization Stams theories about literary adaptations into film from his essay Beyond Fidelity The Dialogics of Adaptation, I will start with a short summary of Stams article. He starts his essay by complaining The language of criticism dealing with the film adaptation of novels has often been profoundly moralistic, awash in terms such(prenominal) as infidelity, betrayal, deformation, violation, vulgarization, and desecration, each accusation carrying its specific charge of outraged negativity (54). He claims that a more effective criticism will be ground in contextual and intertextual history (75), and less concerned with vague ideas of fidelity. He believes that absolute fidelity is impossible due to (1) the difference in medium betwixt novel and film, (2) the lack of a single absolutely correct reading of a novel, and (3) the intertextuality of all novels and films. He claims that Each medium has its own specificity deriving from its respective(prenominal) materials of expression (59), and explains that the written word is the novels only component of expression, while the film has more components such as moving photographic image, phonetic sound, music, noises, and written materials (59). Therefore, veritable changes are inevitable. Stam is also concerned with the term faithfulness in film adaptations. Is it... ...e subdivided into eighty-six scenes which tell the facts of the case by constantly alternating the viewpoint (132), which is simply a technique of screen writing. In his biography Capote, Clarke also identifies Ca potes style as cinematic when he claims that Despite Brooks effort, it the movie In Cold Blood, has little of the books impact. Paradoxically, it is also less cinematic than the book (386). To conclude, the similarities in the process processes of transforming a body of hypotexts, the similarities amongst mediation filters in the process of adapting a novel into a film and adapting a factual case into a non-fiction novel, as well as the fact that most adaptations are realized in a style that creates a cinematic experience for the reader, are factors that proof my proposal that works of literary journalism can also be seen as adaptations.

Capote Essay -- Analysis, Journalism, Literary Adaptations

Even though it is problematic to define the happening of an event as a text or hypotext, works of literary journalism are closely related to the framework of adaptations because an adaptation is defined as the process of reservation a work of art upon the basis of elements provided in a different medium further more than, works of literary journalism often resemble the filmic construction of a screen play. Before I support my argument by using Stams theories about literary adaptations into film from his essay Beyond Fidelity The Dialogics of translation, I will start with a short summary of Stams article. He starts his essay by complaining The language of criticism dealing with the film adaptation of novels has often been profoundly moralistic, awash in terms such as infidelity, betrayal, deformation, violation, vulgarization, and desecration, each accusation carrying its specific charge of outraged negativity (54). He claims that a more effective criticism will be based in contex tual and intertextual history (75), and slight concerned with vague ideas of fidelity. He believes that strong fidelity is impossible due to (1) the difference in medium between novel and film, (2) the lack of a single absolutely correct reading of a novel, and (3) the intertextuality of all novels and films. He claims that Each medium has its own specificity deriving from its respective materials of expression (59), and explains that the written word is the novels only component of expression, while the film has more components such as moving photographic image, phonetic sound, music, noises, and written materials (59). Therefore, certain changes are inevitable. Stam is also concerned with the term faithfulness in film adaptations. Is it... ...e subdivided into eighty-six scenes which tell the facts of the case by constantly alternating the viewpoint (132), which is obviously a technique of screen writing. In his biography Capote, Clarke also identifies Capotes style as cinemat ic when he claims that Despite Brooks effort, it the movie In Cold Blood, has little of the books impact. Paradoxically, it is also less cinematic than the book (386). To conclude, the similarities in the process processes of transforming a body of hypotexts, the similarities between mediation filters in the process of adapting a novel into a film and adapting a factual case into a non-fiction novel, as well as the fact that most adaptations are realized in a style that creates a cinematic experience for the reader, are factors that proof my proposal that works of literary journalism can also be seen as adaptations.

Programming Language and Future Career

Career-related watchwords are something that my dad and I tend to have on the weekly basis, and have increased since changing my major to counselling Information Systems last year. Our latest discussion was on the phone about word choice and the dos and donts when writing/typing paper and other documents, moving forward in college as well as in my future career. What sparked up this conversation though was my dissatisfaction with a comment I got on a paper from a peer review. The comment stated that my choice of words were not scholarly or on the college level.It truly got infra my skin so I decided to call my father about it. I told him the situation, and I mat that my paper was scholarly and I wrote it in a way that my fellow classmates would understand. His response was, moving forward into my career, the choice of words I used really would play a big part. As more than advice he told me that having a bigger vocabulary showed professionalism and knowledge. Throughout our di scussion I became frustrated because I believed that as long as my audience understood what I was talking about it should not matter how simple the words were.Even though I knew what he saying was right I did not want to figure it, because I was frustrated about the comment. I wanted to tell him that I didnt care what he had to say after a while, but I have a lot of respect for my father. I knew what he was saying was right from experience being a computer programmer, where he is constantly in meetings and speaking in front of his colleagues. After we finish talking I still felt a little frustration, because I kept thinking back up to the comment.I really was surprised by the valid points my father made about the situation because I was so set on the way I felt and my stubbornness took over. The discussion was really needed though, initially I was not going to go back and reedit my paper but my father words really made sense. I guess he was right the choice of words you choose can really go a long way. The advice I took from our discussion to help me in my future career was to continue practicing and improving my writing skills.

How many Ski’s do they stock?

seaport is n very few stores therefore they are an exclusive distributor. 3. In return for providing an exclusive, what marketing demands do exclusive sends require of Seaport? They will run an ad or put items in the windows for a limited time. 4. What is the responsibility of the merchandising team? What do they do? The merchandising team is responsible for the relationships with the vendors. They are the ones who get the vendors to join the Seaport family. They also help with what stores they will go to, marketing programs and how he brand will grow. . What is the responsibility of an inventory strategist? What do they do? The inventory strategists are responsible for the quantity of the product. 6. What is the responsibility of the distributor? The distributor places the items in each sellers doors, and keeping up with all stock levels. 7. How many brands does Seaport sell? 150_ How many Skis do they stock? Over 1 0,000 8. What are some challenges Seaport faces in keeping all b rands in stock without cookouts?Can brands keep up with the growth rate they may not be able to make up enough products as they need. 9. What are some metrics they keep track of daily? Every time a product is sold it goes through the POS remains and is automatically taken out of inventory. They can pull up the average dollar sale, how much they are exchange to a client, and the units per transaction they are selling to a client. They can pull up, at any time of the day, how much volume that is currently in the store.

Masuji Ibuse and “Black Rain”

Japan has a very rich history as well as a very rich culture. It was home to famous artists and poets, which gets their inspiration from whatever is happening in the country. matchless of these writers is Ibuse Masuji, who was the writer of the 1965 masterpiece, Kuroi Ame or forbidding Rain. The inspiration of this is the previous shelling of Hiroshima, where black rain refers to the radioactive rain that spread out to the people in the area.Ibuse Masuji came from a family of independent farmers, born as the second of a landholder in Hiroshima, Japan. Ibuse spent his young years in the countryside, in a small village called Kamo in the east of Hiroshima Prefecture. When he became 19, started going to Waseda University in Tokyo, where he had his fill of the ideas from brilliant minds of history, most especially regarding surrealism and Marxism.The specialty which he took in college was on French literature, but his interests were more on the whole works of Russians like Tolstoy an d Chekov (Masuji Ibuse, 2002). unless because of an unwanted incident where Masuji Ibuse was sexually harassed by a gay professor, he was forced to quit school. His writings surfaced in the early 1920s, but his works were not recognized until the late 1920s with the positive feedback given by an influential modern critic named Kobayashi Hideo. Because of this, people noticed Masuji Ibuses works, wherein he afterward gained a large following due to peoples admirations.Despite his emergence as one of the new modern writers, he chose to take the line of traditional techniques which is known to his place of origin. His techniques were more on the first person aspect where he used the subjective I- wise mode of Japan. This technique is characterized by having a narrator and author in one. Southern Japans countryside inspired him to come up with his short story, Koi which marked his traditional techniques. Ibuses pre-war works showed his juiceless humor as an artists, as well as havin g characters which are psychologically sharp yet sympathetic villagers, peasants, doctors, farmers and other unchanging people. This is the distinguishing trait of Ibuses movement when he writes.When the World War II broke out, Masuji Ibuse led a different life. He served in the propaganda units, which has also inspired him to write about Japanese propagandists. He was able to look at life differently because of all the wars. Wars cruelty served as a new inspiration for his writings. One of his great creations which emerged from this aspect was Black Rain, which shows his take on the fateful events caused by the Hiroshima bombings, making it as one of the best Japanese novels known to the world.The novel Black Rain chronicled various stories of the hibakusha or the survivors of the Japanese atom bomb (The Hiroshima Project, 2007). It showed their struggles for acceptance, and their sufferings from discrimination and social isolation. This is all because of the radiation poisoning, when they were exposed to huge amounts of radiation during the bombings. These people may have survived the attacks, but the life they had afterwards showed how hard it is being in their place.This novel became famous to western readers even though the author was Japanese. This was partly because of how the novel depicts its contents, which is more on the human perspective. It ignores the political factors that existed around that time. It focused on the issue on the extent of devastation that these bombs can cause, nd that the suffering that is committed with it is not only on those who wee directly suffered from the bombings, but also with generations after generations from the victims.ReferencesMasuji Ibuse. (2002). Retrieved October 1, 2007, from http//www.kirjasto.sci.fi/ibuse.htmThe Hiroshima Project. (2007). Masuji IBUSE Black Rain. Retrieved October 1, 2007, from http//rhizome.org/artbase/22194/HiroshimaProject/ResearchDatabase/Literature/BlackRain/index.html

History: Politics of the Renaissance

In the sixteenth century, Italy had many centers of power. In each you could find ambitious rulers, such as the Medic in Florence, the Pope in Rome, or the doge in Venice. 2. Each ruler k modern that his success greatly depended on the people who advised him. So rulers surrounded themselves with brilliant courtiers. What was a courtier and what did a courtier do? A courtier was a well-educated person who served in the rulers court.Courtiers Jobs included giving advice on how to earn a new palace, repair a cathedral, fix a canal, build defensive walls, deliver messages, negotiate a ready with a neighboring cities, lead troops into war, translate an ancient Greek manuscript,discuss philosophy, astronomy, and mathematics, tell an amusing story, and sings ballad. 3. Who was fiddle-faddle Castigation and why is he famous? Balderdash Castigation was a courtier to Francesco Kananga, the prince of Mantra and the duke of Robin.He wrote The Book of the Courtier, which was a how-to guide that described how a courtier should act while religious service at court and how he could best serve his ruler. 4. Castigation based some of his book on the writings of the ancient Roman testament Cicero and on the medieval code of chivalry. 5. Why did the education and intelligence of advisors matter in spiritual rebirth times in ways they had not earlier? War recognise had changed and require intellectual strength now. Renaissance princes wanted advisers, good strategists, engineers. 6. Describe Castigations views of the ideal Renaissance courtier.Castigation thought that a good Renaissance courtier still needed some qualities of the chivalrous knight, like courage, horsemanship, and good swordsmanship for battle. He also thought courtiers should know how to swim, run, and Jump. They should be able to read and write in both Latin and Greek. He should be able to discuss art and philosophy with his ruler, as well as draw, paint, dance, and play some musical instruments. He should b e a man of good character and very modest about his talents and skills. 7. What does it mean to be a Renaissance man? To be a person of cognition and skill. 8.Who was Isabella detest and what were some of her accomplishments? Isabella detest was the wife of Francesco Kananga. She was also an artist, poet, and writer. She advised her husband on many diplomatic matters. When her husband was locked away in prison, she ruled Mantra. She managed to fixate her husbands release when the Venetians imprisoned him. She was a dedicated patron of the arts. She made Mantra a center of learning and art. 9. The two issues always on the minds of princes in Renaissance Italy were government activity and war. 10. Who was Niccole Machiavelli and what did he believe Italys princes needed to be able to do?He was a Florentine diplomat who wrote The Prince, a book which analyzed the politics of Renaissance Italy. He is considered the father of modern lattice science. Machiavelli thought a good ruler sho uld do whatever was necessary to secure and unite his state. 11. What is the main relegate of The Prince? The main subject is how to create and maintain a secure state and how to acquire and hold power. 12. What were the main sources of information that Machiavelli used for his book? He force on lessons learned in his study of classical history, and the lessons he learned by studying the triumphs and failures of Cesar Barrio and others. 3. How did Machiavellian idea of a good ruler disagree from that of medieval helicopters? Medieval philosophers had stated that a ruler should exercise power virtuously for the common good of his people, and that he should base his actions on Christian principles. Machiavelli argued that a good ruler should do whatever it takes to secure and unite his state. 14. Machiavelli declared that to hold on to power, a prince must act as circumstances required. A famous saying that expresses his idea is the ends Justifies the meaner. 15.What was Machiavell ian answer to the question Is it better to be loved or to be eared? His reply was that one ought to be both but, as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than to be loved. 16. Describe the influence The Prince had on European rulers. The book gave European rulers new ideas some good, some bad about how to govern. The Prince made rulers and their counselors think less about abstract ideals and more about actual human conduct and in all likelihood results. 17. Why is Machiavelli considered the father of modern political science? His book the way normal people act.

Case Study of Fdi in India vs China

A project ReportOnCASE STUDY OF FDI IN INDIA VS CHINASubmitted toMrs. Smita KashiramkaByRamya Singh2010B3A2613PIn Fulfilment ofStudy oriented ProjectBIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, PILANI30th November 2012 Abstract The sketch begins with the FDI definition and FDI name and address with respect to India and its sect-oral and regional analogys. This report undertakes a comparative analysis of the irrelevant ingest coronation (FDI) flowing from the multinational corporations (MNCs) into main world chinaw be and India.Examining the prevailing enthr onenessment modality to account for the differences in FDI among the two countries and fin eithery suggest some cheeseparing words for India to achieve higher FDI. A review of Mckinsey report on Indias sparing performance and harvest-festival potential has been done at the end of the report. Ack immediatelyledgements A Study oriented project is a golden opportunity for learning and self-importance development. I consider myself very lucky and honoured to save been satisfactory to uprise this opportunity of doing such a project. My g computeful thanks to Mrs.Smita Kashiramka mam who in spite of universe extraordinarily busy with her duties, took time out to hear, guide and keep me on the correct path. I do not know where I would rent been without her. Ramya Singh ID- 2010B3A2613P remit of Contents- 1. Introduction 2. 1. FDI definition 2. 2. Benefits of FDI 2. 3. FIIs 2. FDI Routes to India 3. 4. Forbidden territories 3. 5. Forms of FDI investment funds 3. 6. Automatic Route 3. 7. G everyplacenment approved Route 3. Amendments in FDI and Industrial Policies 4. 8. FEMA 4. 9. FIIA 4. Status of FDI in India 5. about Tripping of FDI to chinaw be 6. setional comparison of FDI in India and China . Recommendations for improving FDI to India 8. FDI in Retail 9. Review of Mckinsey Report of FDI in India 10. Conclusion 11. References 1. INTRODUCTION under commonwealth The official statistics of fo endure direct investment (FDI) inflows in China and India exhibits a remarkable discrepancy that thus establishes the unmatched superiority of China in attracting FDI inflows. China ventured into the path of liberalization in 1979 by gradually liberalizing and opening up its economy. Removal of tarryrictions on inward FDI has figured out to be one of the cock-a-hoop features in the Chinese reforms.China has indeed achieved remarkable success in FDI since it formally opened its door to FDI with the passage of the Law of Peoples Republic of China on Joint Ventures using Chinese and extraneous enthronement in 1979. By virtually having their non-state empyrean (counter lift off of Indias private empyrean) run on bring out market principles and setting up king-size special economic zones, encouraging competition among Chinese provinces to attract FDI, offering substantial tax concessions, permitting the leasing of land and property, introducing overnment guarantees for inv estment and special arrangements regarding retention and repatriation of contrasted exchange, China has been able to attract signifi rumpt sums of FDI inflows. India, the only developing acres of size and diversity of industrial base alike(p) to China, has also adopted a similar path of liberalization since 1991, by sluggishly shedding its FDI restrictions and allowing FDI through impulsive way barring a a few(prenominal) strategic industries of security concern .It is important to note that in 1997, India had joined the band of the top ten developing rude recipients of FDI flows, whereas China had already acquired giving positions at least since 1991. UNCTADs ranking of countries based on FDI relative to the size of the economy was 121 for India and 61 for China for the period 1988 to 1990. The corresponding figures for 1998-2000 argon 119 and 47 respectively. While India has improved marginally, China reveals a extensive success in terms of FDI ranking In 2002, the A. T. Kearney survey also found that China outranked the U.S. as the most attractive destination for FDI. The importance of FDI to China is readily apparent. These discrepancies in the relative FDI attracting capabilities of India and China raise some important fundamental questions about the real FDI potential of India. Can India possibly become an FDI destination as attractive as China?. The Report addresses this question at full-size. 1. 1 Definition of outside(prenominal) Direct enthronization FDI FDI refers to an investment made to acquire lasting interest in enterprises operating distant of the economy of the investor.Further, in cases of FDI, the investor? s purpose is to turn a profit an telling voice in the management of the enterprise. Components of FDI- The components of FDI are equity pileus, reinvested earnings and separate not bad(p) (mainly intra- social club loans). As countries do not always collect data for each of those components, reported data on FDI ar e not fully comparable across countries. In particular, data on reinvested earnings, the collection of which depends on company surveys, are often unreported by numerous countries. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) contradictory investment refers to investments made by the occupants of a country in the monetary assets and production processes of an other(a) country. It can come in two forms foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign institutional investment (FII). FDI or Foreign Direct Investment is an investment that a parent company makes in a foreign country. FDI brings in capital but also helps in good governance practices and better management skills and advanced engineering science extract. But, FII or Foreign Institutional Investor is an investment made by an investor in the markets of a foreign nation.Foreign Institutional Investment is also know as hot bullion as the investors pass on the liberty to sell it and take it back. The FII inves tment flows only into the vicarious market. It helps in increasing capital availability. Objective of the Study- a) To analyze the pattern and direction of FDI flow in India. b) To identify factors those are responsible for comparatively lesser flow of FDI to India c) To identify reasons for regional imbalances in terms of flow of FDI. d) To review FDI policy of India e) To address dissimilar issue and concern relating to FDI. f) To make policy recommendation to improve the level of FDI.Nature and Source of Data- The relevant data are collected from papers produce( inaugurations mentioned in the last)various sites of disposal of India, Re behave Bank of India and Mckinsey report published by Mckinsey world(prenominal) institute, papers published etc. Other references have been mentioned at the end of the report. 1. 2 Benefits of FDI to the host country- * FDI not only brings in capital but also helps in good governance practices and better management skills and even technology interchange. Export market gets a boost due to this and consequently lesser import dependence.Foreign Investors invest in social, economic infrastructure, financial markets and marketing system help the developing nations on the path of industrialization and modernization. Demand for various inputs give rise to development of the supplying industries, generating income, leading to a spur in the production process and a better living standard of the raft employed in these industries. Quality products are available to the consumers at low scathes. Foreign investment serves as boon to the governance by bringing pauperism for various inputs giving rise to development of the supplying industries. . 3 FIIs- Generate Enhanced flows of equity capital, improving capital markets, include invalidated hail of capital, imparting stability to Indias balance of payments, institutionalizing the market, improving market efficiency and strengthening corporate governance. 1. Foreign direct in vestment- the Indian scenario 2. 1 Forbidden Territories FDI is not permitted in the chase industrial sectors Arms and ammunition. Atomic Energy. Railway Transport. Coal and lignite. Mining of iron, manganese Gambling and Betting Business of chit fund Trading in on the remit Development Rights (TDRs). Activity/sector not opened to private sector investment. 2. 2 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is permitted as under the following forms of Investments finished financial collaborations. Through joint ventures and technical collaborations. Through capital markets via Euro issues. Through private typesetments or preferential allotments. * Through financial collaborations-Foreign collaboration includes current business activities of sharing information related to financing, technology, engineering, management, consultancy, logistics, marketing, etc. which are generally, offered by a non- resident physician (foreign) entity to a resident (domestic or native) entity in exchange of insolent skilled and semi-skilled force, inexpensive high-quality raw-materials, low cost hi-tech infrastructure facilities, strategic (favourable) geographic location, with an approval ( authority) from a governmental authorization like the ministry of finance of a resident country. The examples of foreign collaboration between an Indian and abroad entity * ICICI Lombard GIC (General Insurance Company) Limited is a financial foreign collaboration between ICICI Bank Ltd. India and Fairfax Financial Holdings Ltd. , Canada. * ING endorse Bank Ltd. is a financial foreign collaboration formed between ING Group from Netherlands and Visa Bank from India. * Tata DOCOMO is a technical foreign collaboration between Tata Tele religious services from India and NTT Decoma, Inc. from Japan. * Through joint ventures and technical collaborations-A joint venture is a new enterprise own by two or more participants. Joint ventures are formed with several motives- The main motive is to share the risks.A half-size firm with a new product idea that involves high risk and requires relatively large amounts of investment capital may form a joint venture with a large firm. A foreign company can invest in an Indian company through a joint venture agreement in the areas which are otherwise not reserved exclusively for the public sector or which are not under the prohibited categories such as real estate etc. For such foreign investments into India, a two grade approval mechanism has been set upd. * Through capital markets via Euro issues- Foreign Investment through GDRs (GLOBAL DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS) Indian companies are allowed to raise equity capital in the transnational market through the issue of Global Depository Receipt (GDRs). GDR investments are treated as FDI and are designated in dollars. * Use of GDRs The proceeds of the GDRs can be used for financing capital goods imports, capital expenditure including domestic purchase/installation of plant, equipment and building a nd investment in software development, prepayment or scheduled repayment of preliminary external borrowings. Investment in stock markets and real estate willing not be permitted. FDI comes through ) Automatic route and b) Govt. approval route. 2. 4 Automatic route- Under the RBIs Automatic Route, the Indian companies can issue shares up to prescribed per centage to persons resident outside India without obtaining prior Permission either of the Government or RBI. These companies essential be engaged in the Permissible activities under the FEMA. Companies engaged in manufacture of items, speechless for SSI sector or those manufacturing items requiring industrial license or engaged in areas such as, defence, atomic energy or aerospace will not be able to avail of The Automatic Route.In terms of the guidelines issued in February 2000 and subsequent amendments, except in certain circumstances, foreign investment by way of issue of shares/convertible Debentures by Indian companies can be made in India under the Automatic Route without Any approval from the Government of India or the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). In the Circumstances where the Automatic Route is not applicable, the foreign investor or the Indian company seeking foreign investment would require the approval of the Foreign Investment Promotion instrument panel (FIPB).FIPB is a competent body to consider and recommend foreign direct investment (FDI), which do not come under the automatic route. 2. 4 Government approved route- Indian companies may want to issue shares to foreign citizens and companies Incorporated outside India under sectors not allowed under the Automatic route or any other general/special permissions. In such cases, it will be necessary to Apply to the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB).Foreign Direct Investment in India is allowed on automatic route in almost all sectors except Proposals that require an industrial license and cases where foreign investment is more than 24% in the equity capital of units manufacturing items reserved for the picayune get over industries,For transfer of ownership or control of Indian companiesin sectors with caps from resident Indian citizens to non-resident entities, Government approval/FIPB approval would be required in all cases where The ownership or control of an actual Indian company (currently owned or controlled by resident Indian itizens and/or Indian companies, which are owned or controlled by resident Indian citizens) will be/is macrocosm transferred/passed on to a non-resident entity as a consequence of transfer of shares and/or fresh issue of shares to non-resident entities through amalgamation, merger/demerger, encyclopaedism etc, where a foreign investor has an existing joint venture/ technology transfer/ trademarkagreement in the same field, prior to January 12, 2005, the proposal for fresh investment/technology transfer/technology collaboration/trademark agreement in a new joint venture for technolo gy transfer/ technology collaboration/trademark agreement would have to be under the Government approval route through FIPB/ Project Approval Board Proposals falling outside notified sect oral policy/caps or under sectors in which FDI is not permitted and whenever any investor chooses to make an application to the Foreign Investment Promotion Board and not to avail of the automatic route. * Industrial Approvals/clearances- For showtime a new project, a number of industrial approvals/clearances are required from different authorities such as Pollution Control Board, Chief tester of Factories, Electricity Board, Municipal Corporations, etc. * Labour Rules/Regulations- Under the Constitution of India, Labour is a issuing in the Concurrent List where some(prenominal) the Central & claim Governments are competent to enact legislation.Some of the important Labour Acts, which are applicable for carrying out business in India are Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous supply Act, 1952 Employees invoke Insurance Act, 1948 Workmens Compensation Act, 1923 Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 Factories Act, 1948 Minimum Wages Act Payment of Wages Act, 1936. * Taxation in India- Foreign nationals work in India are generally taxed only on their Indian income. Income received from sources outside India is not taxable unless it is received in India. Company taxation Foreign companies are subject to a maximum tax of 40% on its net pelf. The effective tax rate for domestic companies is 36. 75% while the profits of branches in India of foreign companies are taxed at 40%. Companies incorporated in India even with 100% foreign ownership, are considered domestic companies under the Indian laws. 3.Amendments- in the FDI and Industrial Policies 3. 1 FEMA (Foreign Exchange Management Act)- The Foreign Exchange Management Act (1999) or in short FEMA has been introduced as a replacement for earlier Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA). FEMA was introduced because the FERA didnt fit in with post-liberalization policies. A significant change that the FEMA brought with it was that it made all offenses regarding foreign exchange salutary-mannered offenses, as opposed to criminal offenses as dictated by FERA. When a business enterprise imports goods from other countries, merchandises its products to them or makes investments abroad, it deals in foreign exchange.Foreign exchange bureau foreign currency and includes deposits, credits and balances payable in any foreign currency. It was a criminal legislation which meant that its violation would lead to imprisonment and payment of heavy fine. It had many restrictive clauses which deterred foreign investments. FEMA emerged as an investor friendly legislation which is purely a civil legislation in the sense that its violation implies only payment of financial penalties and fines. 3. 2 Foreign Investment Implementation Authority (FIIA) Government of India has set up Foreign Investment Implementation Authority (F IIA) to facilitate quick displacement of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) approvals into implementation.FIIA is assisted by Fast Track Committee (FTC), which have been established in 30 Ministries/Departments of Government of India for monitoring and firmness of difficulties for sector specific projects. Role of Foreign Investment Implementation Authority (FIIA) To understand and solve the problems of the investors , understand and solve the problems of the approving authorities, refer to the cases that has not been unyielding at the level of FIIA to the agencies at the higher levels, and to start consultations with multiple agencies. Changes in FDI policy in virtuoso Brand sell trading- The policy regarding Single Brand retail trading has been liberalized and now FDI up to 100 percentage is permitted under the Government route.Policy for FDI in Commodity Exchanges- Foreign institutional investors (FIIs) can now invest up to 23 percent in commodity exchanges without seeking pri or approval of the government. However, FDI will continue to pauperism the approval of the FIPB DTAA (DOUBLE TAX turning away AGREEMENT) WITH MAURITIUS- According to the tax conformity between India and Mauritius, capital gains arising from the sale of shares are taxable in the country of residence of the shareholder and not in the country of residence of the company whose shares have been sold. Therefore, a company resident in Mauritius selling shares of an Indian company will not pay tax in India. 4. Status of FDI in IndiaVarious studies have projected India among the top 5 favoured destination for FDI. Cumulative FDI equity inflows has been Rs. 5, 54,270 core (1, 27,460 Million US$) for The period 1991-2009. This is attributed to contribution from service sector, computer Software, telecommunication, real estate etc. Indias 83% of cumulative FDI is Contributed by nine countries while remaining 17 per cent by rest of the world. Country-wise, FDI inflows to India are dominated by Mauritius (44 percent), followed by the Singapore (9 per cent), United States (8 percent) and UK (4 percent) Countries like Singapore, USA, and UK etc. invest in India mainly in service, power, telecommunication, fuels, electric equipments, food impact sector.Though India has observed a remarkable rise in the flow of FDI over the last few years, it receives comparatively much lesser FDI than China. still smaller economies in Asia such as Hong Kong, Mauritius receive much than India in terms of FDI inflows. This is largely due to Indias economic policy of protecting domestic enterprise compared to preceding(prenominal) mentioned Newly Industrialized Asian Economies. Country-wise, FDI inflows to India are dominated by Mauritius (44 percent), followed By the Singapore (9 per cent), United States (8 percent) and UK (4 percent). the share of Mauritius is the highest due to the double taxation avoidance treaty with Mauritius. (Comparing India and China)Source UNCTAD, realism Investme nt Report 2009 Net FDI Inflow= Inward FDI flow Minus Outward FDI Flow . FDI stock of India has also registered a consistent growth over the period of study. Net FDI stock for the period 1990-2000 was 1533 Million US$ which rose to 61523 Million dollars. However, net FDI stock of China is about 4 multiplication than that of India. Indias inward FDI stock to GDP ratio improved from 0. 5 per cent for the 1990-2000 to 9. 9 per cent by the year 2008. Similarly, ratio of outward FDI stock(a) to GDP for the Corresponding period has registered a consistent rise and was at the level of 5 per cent In the year 2008 Source UNCTAD, humanness Investment Report 2009 Net FDI Inflow= Inward FDI flow Minus Outward FDI Flow.There is a positivistic link between FDI and Indias growth story. India has been observing a consistent growth in net FDI flow. Ratio of FDI Inflow to Gross Capital Formation has improved from 1. 9 per cent during the period 1990-2000 to 9. 6 per cent in the year 2008. . Servic e sector has been the highest contributor of FDI inflow to India (22%). Followed by computer software and hardware (9%), telecommunication (8%), housing And real estate (8%), turn of events activities and power (7%). Net inward FDI into India remained buoyant during April-June of 2009-10 as Manufacturing sector continued to attract most part of FDI (19. 2 per cent), followed by Real estate activities (15. per cent) and financial services (15. 4 per cent). This trend Reversal (greater FDI in manufacturing sector) could be attributed to relatively better macroeconomic performance of India. During 2008-09, continuing liberalization measures to attract FDI and positive Sentiments of global investors about the growth potential of EMEs, including India. India evolved as one of the most favoured destination for investment in the service Sector due to low cost issue and wide demand-supply gap in financial services Particularly in banking, insurance and telecommunication. Gradually India ha s become Important centre for back-office processing, call centres, technical support, medicalTranscriptions, companionship process outsourcing (KPOs), financial analysis and business processing hub for financial services and insurance claims. There has been a wide concentration of FDI inflows around Mumbai division (36%) followed by New Delhi Region (19%), Karnataka (6%), Gujarat (6 %), Tamil Nadu (5%) and Andhra Pradesh. It is alarming that these regions receive 77% of FDI equity inflow while rest of India accounts for only 23%. Lack of proper initiatory from the various state governments is responsible for such wide disparities in FDI. China is the workshop of the world. Its $1,952 billion in output last year allowed it to overturn the US 115-year reign as the worlds largest manufacturer.Chinas manufacturing is delve-intensive it produced almost the same percentage of world manufacturing output as the US (19%) with about nine times the number of workers. Chinas manufacturing success seeded by foreign investment, superb infrastructure, a rational labor movement law regime, an infinite supply of migrating cheap farm labour constraind the fastest poverty-reduction programmed in recorded history. Indian manufacturing must seize this opportunity. India accounted for only 1. 8% of global manufacturing value added (MVA) last year versus China at 23. 3%. Our per-capita productiveness was a disappointing $107 versus China at $842. Budget 2011 plans a new manufacturing policy that aims to raise the share of manufacturing in GDP from 16% instantly to 25% in 10 years.How China became the worlds largest manufacturing destination-China invited foreign direct investors to provide the capital and the expertise to achieve export combat in a wide range of sectors, including electronics, apparel, plastic toys, stuffed animals, ceramics, and many other labour intensive sectors. In each sector, the let on was to link foreign investor capital and expertise with a larg e and low-cost Chinese labour force. The foreign investors brought in the product design, specialized machine tools and capital goods, key intermediate products, and knowledge of marketing channels. The Chinese assured these foreign investors certain key conditions for profitability, such as low taxes, reliable infrastructure, and physical security, adequate Power, decent logistics for the import and export of goods, and so forth.Creating global manufacturing competitiveness is complex but two bottlenecks for Indian manufacturing are infrastructure and labour laws. Our current labour law regime has huge costs exploding unorganized employment, lower organized manufacturing, encouraging buying machines rather than hiring people, corruption, blue-collar exploitation and higher organized sector skill intensity. Basically, labour laws have ensured that 100% of net job creation in the last 20 years has been in the low-productivity and sub- outdo unorganized sector. Added to the acute inf rastructure woes are the rigidities in Indian labour markets which makes it practically impossible to shed excess labour or get rid of nonperformers.Looking beyond these two constraints, a number of studies and reports have highlighted other weaknesses that hinder Indias development as a major export oriented manufacturing base. Some comparative statistics are given down the stairs- Source- Bajpai N and Dasgupta N, Multinational Companies and Foreign Direct Investment in China and India, Centre on Globalization and Sustainable Development (CGSD) Working Paper No. 2 (Sect-oral Distribution of FDI) Maharashtra Region attracts FDI in energy, transportation, services, Telecommunications and electrical equipment. Delhi and NCR attracts FDI inflows in Telecommunications, transportation, electrical equipment (including software) and Services.While Haryana emerged as a preferred destination for electrical equipment, Transportation and food processing, Tamil Nadu has been prospered in attr acting FDI In automotive related and auto components sector. Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka Emerged as a popular destination for software, computer hardware and Telecommunication. Indias rural areas such as Orissa has also been victorious in Attracting FDI in securing large Greenfields FDI projects in bauxite, mining, aluminium and automotive facilities. 5. Round Tripping of FDI to China The Chinese official statistical database does not provide disaggregated FDI that would presently project the relative contribution by the Non-Resident Chinese (NRC) population in China.However, based on the fact that a large proportion of NRCs residing in Hong Kong, Singapore, mainland China and Macao make FDI to mainland China, we will make the assumption that, in broad terms- any FDI originating from these countries will constitute expatriate FDI and mainland Chinese funds routed through topical anesthetic financial agents round tripping. It is evident that the share of OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries and with it the share of MNCs in Chinese FDI inflows has been raising over the 1990s while the share of Singapore, Macao, Taiwan and Hong Kong (supposedly the NRC contribution) is falling. NRC contribution, which was nearly 80. percent of the total Chinese inflows in 1992, has gradually decreased over the 1990s, being on an average about 60. 5 percent over the ecstasy. Chinas FDI numbers include a substantial amount of round-tripping A large amount of Chinese black money is recycled through Hong Kong and sent back to the mainland as FDI. Round-tripping in fact accounts for one-half of Chinas FDI inflows, which thus reduces the reported level from $40 billion to $20 billion in 2000(see graph below). Even in 2001, more than 47 percent of FDI inflows to China came from these four countries (Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and Macao) where a large proportion of NRCs reside. 6. Directional Comparison of FDI in India and China Chinas FDI infl ows are somewhat inflated due to round-tripping investment through Hong Kong, which poses as a foreign investment in order to acquire the benefits from preferential tax treatment. The World Bank estimates that about 2030% of FDI in China was due to the round-tripping investment on the other hand, Indias FDI inflows are underestimated because the figure excludes reinvested earnings. While it is very seeming that the entire FDI from these economies to China may not be totally from the NRCs, but a very large part of it actually is. Expatriate investment has been a very small portion of aggregate FDI in India, in spite of gradual attempts by the government to simplify the regulations involving investments by the non-resident Indians (NRIs) into the country and hence the expatriateIndians do not form a large segment of the target investors in India, unlike in China. On the whole, it is observed that in India, FDI is flowing into areas where skilled labour is major input sectors are tele com, electrical equipment, including computer software, energy, and the transportation industry. These four sectors accounted for roughly 50 percent of FDI inflows remarkable difference exists in the expanse of the areas of foreign investments in India and China. FDI in China is rather extensive, being diffused over agriculture (farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery), mining, and manufacturing and significantly into the tertiary sector.Moreover, social-welfare related sectors like fosterage and healthcare and wholesale and retail trade(till 2012) that have not yet been targeted in India as sectors competent for attracting FDI inflows, but these have contributed to FDI in China. China has, since 1998, stepped up its efforts to promote foreign investments into technology development and innovation. Several incentives, such as import duty acquition for equipment and technology brought into China by foreign-invested research companies, tax breaks for incomes obtained from t ransfer of technology, and business tax exemption to foreign enterprises transferring advanced technology, are luring foreign investors to China. China most certainly attracted large sums of FDI in the manufacturing sector, a significant part of which could definitely be channelized to India had India not been plagued with inadequacies.Indias product reservation for the small-scale industry, stringent labour laws, inability of the firms to exit, if conditions so demanded (no exit policy), lack of decision-making authority with Indias state governments and hence lack of competition among Indian states to attract FDI (as against Chinas provinces) were some of the key factors why India lost large sums of FDI. Fall in FDI in electrical equipment manufacturing in India has been due to the cheap Chinese goods flooding the market. The role of sub-national government as a catalyst to FDI inflows has also been ignored in India while de primaevalization of FDI seeking and related powers has b een given due importance in china. The Chinese government welcomes FDI and does not seek too much enfranchisement for companies setting up ventures in China. Getting licenses is also easy for setting up a unit in china. Export-orientation in FDI in India and China- China has been successful in attracting huge export oriented FDI inflows in recent years.China invited FDI to provide the capital and the expertise to achieve export competitiveness in the manufacturing sector with the key link of providing cheap labour . The foreign investors brought in the product design, specialized machine tools and capital goods, key intermediate products, and knowledge of world marketing channels. The Chinese assured these foreign investors certain key conditions for profitability, such as low taxes, reliable infrastructure, physical security, adequate power, decent logistics for the import and export of goods. India has large scale reservation in the small sector industries such as handicrafts whi ch have large demand in the world market. SEZs and EPZsSEZs, along Chinas coastline, were knowing to give foreign investors and domestic enterprises favourable conditions such as import intermediate products and capital goods duty free for rapid export promotion and good infrastructure. India also had similar models of EPZ and Export Oriented Units (EOU). EPZs are located at various places including Cochin, Falta (near Calcutta), Kandla, Chennai, Noida, Santacruz (Mumbai), Vishakhapatnam and Surat. A unit could be set up in these zones subject to availability of space. Incentives provided to attract investment in these areas were zero import duty, a special 10-year income tax rebate and other incentives. Eight special zones failed to achieve the export targets.Decentralization of decision-making authority was also a major reason for SEZ success in China. Another ingredient of infrastructure is the availability of power at competitive rate. Apart from cheap power there is no power f ailure in China, as in India. The EPZs in India are one -third of the required size. In China all jobs are on contract basis, which stand terminated upon the expiry of the terms, which can be fixed/flexible or for a specific job. In contrast, the labour laws in India are extremely stringent and the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 does not allow companies with 100 or more employees to retrench labour without seeking prior permission the concerned state government. EPZs in India have performed worthlessly due to-Insufficient logistical links with ports and airport, Poor infrastructure in areas surrounding the zones (e. g. unpaved roads and pitiable Physical security), Government ambivalence and red-tape regarding inward FDI, Unclear incentive packages governing inward investment, and Lack of interest and authority of state and local governments, and the private sector, Compared with the central government, in the design, set-up, and functioning of the Zones. Unclear ownership of land- A major part of land parcels in India is subject to legal dispute over their ownership. This prevents to acquire land for retail housing and the courts take an enormous time for clearing such cases.As a result Indian developers have hard time raising related for loans against land for which they dont have a clear ownership. Revising the law on land construction would give a major vitality to the waterlogged construction industry of India. Parts of India are plagued by archaic laws such as ULCRA (Urban Land Ceiling Regulation Act) which created an artificial land scarcity leading to rising land prices further rising the cost of the housing Industry. Following Recommendations to improve FDI flows to India- Apart from taking steps to improve infrastructural facilities and enhancing labour securities industry flexibility while the government has lifted sect oral caps for FDI over the last decade.Policies have thus far been ad-hoc and a source of uncertainty. Particular perplexity should also be paid to the removal of restrictions on FDI in the Services sectors including telecoms, banking and insurance, aviation, etc as this will Help ease transactions costs for both consumers and business. The World Bank (2002) Has in fact proclaimed that in virtually every country, the performance of the service Sectors can make the difference between rapid and sluggish growth One sector that should certainly get this automatic approval is the education sector. Currently there is no FDI in education Allowed. Since it is well known that the education sector in India has reached a plateau.In terms of ideas or development, it is only fair that new ideas and methodologies from other countries are tried out. The SEZS and EPZS have failed to achieve their targets, for this the government must provide SEZs in strategic locations, close to ports or major industrial locations. Concurrent to this establishment of SEZs in strategic locations, the government should also provide all n ecessary infrastructural facilities to ensure the success of the SEZs. The government needs to beyond the current policy of only allowing SEZs in areas that are already owned by companies applying for the SEZ in effect, a SEZ should be like a huge industrial park rather than having one single company in it.Three, focus should not just be on the absolute amount of gross FDI inflows but also the type. More specifically, while India has experienced an infusion of FDI inflows in recent times, a large portion of the new inflows have been in the form of M&As. Given that the latter does not necessarily imply new capital infusion into a country, the macroeconomic consequences of the two types of FDI can be quite different. The focus should not just be on the amount of Greenfield FDI inflows but also the positive externalities to be derived from them, including in terms of technological development. The effectiveness of the Foreign Investment Implementation Authority (FIIA) needs to be enhan ced.Any investment promotion strategy must be geared towards the following (a) image-building activities promoting the country and its regions and states as favourable locations for investment (b) investment-generating activities through direct targeting of firms by promotion of specific sectors and industries, and personal selling and establishing direct contacts with prospective investors. India does have a vibrant manufacturing sector but that rarely comes out internationally because it gets drowned out by the more glamorous software and other service related sectors. This perception is a fundamental one and goes well beyond reasons such as red-tape, corruption, poor infrastructure though they are inter-related to an extent.To get rid of this tag is easier said than done but the government can do more promotion activities to this end, preventing diverting this FDI to China. There is the desperate need to create a deep talent pool. This is inherently dangerous for a country like I ndia which has a tag of a services country a sector that needs a deep talent pool to feed off. This lack of talent is reflected in the growth in profits which is one of the highest in the world. India has the highest wage inflation of any Asian economy. The one thing that makes India attractive is the cost trade and if wages ontogenesis the way they are increasing, it is very likely that this arbitrage will disappear and along with it, valuable FDI dollars.To this end, it is necessary to continuously monitor the quality of students as well as the quality of teachers in educational institutions. The table below gives the rise in wages in different sectors for year 2012. While many policy barriers have been removed on FDI in India, results have at times been disappointing due to administrative barriers at the state level as well as lack of coordination between the central and state governments. There need to be greater coordination between the centre and states to ensure that the su bstantial foreign interest in investing in India gets translated into actual investment flows to the State. An example of this is the proposed $12 billion investment, Indias single largest FDI investment, by South Korean steel giant, Pasco.Pasco signed an agreement in June 2005 to set up a steel plant in Orissa but as of March 2008, the steel plant is yet to be start construction, let alone any operations. all(prenominal) kind of problem ranging from political to environmental to allegations of land grabbing has affected this project. The main problem has risen from the allegation that they would make some villagers landless and Pasco cannot have a factory anywhere else because the raw material is in Orissa. This is a problem that the Orissa government could have easily foreseen but many governments in India have a tendency to promise too much and do too little. This clearly has impacted credibility of many state governments.India should continue to work towards developing a deep a nd liquid corporate debt market. India is one of the few countries with a major equity market but With a highly illiquid corporate debt market. A well functioning corporate debt market Does one major thing for companies looking to invest in India. It is very likely that when Companies are investing their money in India or in any other country, they are more Likely to use debt rather than their own cash. Therefore, they would go to debt markets In their countries of origin and raise money there. However, this could lead to a considerable exchange rate risk because FDI is usually long-term and there is no good way of forecasting exchange rate movements in the long-run.If there a well functioning corporate debt market in India, it actually makes India that much more attractive. India should consciously work towards attracting greater FDI into R&D as a means of strengthening the countrys technological prowess and competitiveness. Policymakers are looking at FDI as the primary source of funds. It is important to Keep in mind that FDI on its own is not a panacea for rapid growth and development. What India needs is to put in place a comprehensive development strategy, which Includes being open to trade and FDI. This ought to go a long way to fulfilling the Ultimate goal of permanently eradicating poverty over the medium and longer-terms.India should remove the product reservation in small scale industries, bring in flexible labour laws, this will generate competitiveness in this sector which is critical for a growing economy. India has failed to evolve as inward FDI manufacturing destination. Manufacturing investment has potentiality to develop ancillary industries also. There is a wide crack under employment in agriculture. Manufacturing sector has greater scope of low end, labour intensive manufacturing jobs for unskilled population when compared with service sector. The issues of geographical disparities of FDI in India need to address on priority. India is a qu asi-federal country consisting of States and Union Territories.States are also partners in the economic reforms, and should offer several tax incentives etc for attraction. Data on FDI reveals that India has increase largely due to Merger and Acquisitions (M&As) rather than large Greenfield projects. Business friendly environment must be created on priority to attract large Greenfields projects. Regulations should be simplified so that realization ratio is improved (Percentage of FDI approvals to actual flows). To maximize the benefits of FDI persistently India should also focus on developing human capital and technology. M&As not necessarily imply infusion of new capital into a country if it is through reinvested earnings and intra-company loans.A Greenfield Investment is the investment in a manufacturing, office, or other physical company-related structure or group of structures in an area where no previous facilities exist. Governments should see that losing corporate tax revenue is a small price to pay if jobs are created and knowledge and technology is gained to boost the countrys human capital. There is abundance opportunity in Greenfield Projects. But the issue of land acquisition and steps taken to protect local interests by the various state governments are not encouraging. MOU ArecelorMittal controversy is one of the best examples of such disputes Due to poor quality primary education and higher there is still an acute shortage of talent. This factor has negative repercussion on domestic and foreign business. FDI in Education Sector is less than 1%.Given the status of primary and higher education in the country, FDI in this sector must be encouraged. The SEZs and EPZs of India have failed to achieve their export targets due to unclear rules and regulations by the government, overcrowding of units in these zones and poor infrastructure as discussed previously in the report. It is found that there are Lower indirect taxes in china, lower import duties on raw materials since the Government often sees that losing corporate tax revenue is a small price to pay if jobs are created and knowledge and technology is gained to boost the countrys human capital, higher labour productivity encourage higher FDIs in china.The Indian Government should also implement such regulations. In China, Foreign investment in research and development (R&D) and foreign enterprises transferring advanced technology to china are exempt from paying import duty such policies arent seen in India. In order to improve technological competitiveness of India, FDI into R&D should be promoted FDI can be instrumental in developing rural economy. There is abundance opportunity in Greenfield Projects. But the issue of land acquisition and steps taken to protect local interests by the various state governments are not encouraging. 8. FDI in Retail(how it is good for the country)-Small shops, street vendors and malls can all co-exist (as they are doing now) They all serve different needs, and different income segments. The FDI approval does state that 30 per cent of the products must be procured from small scale industries which have a total investment in plant and machinery not exceeding $1 million. FDI in retail will expand consumer base. Some categories currently have no big players There are some categories of stores that are just not present in India. The suppliers of e. g. -air conditioning units have increased but the food sector supplies remain traditionally the same. Having a Wal-Mart will cater to the increasing consumer base. FDI in India Retail should be welcomed as this will bring a lot of money in India.Foreign Investment will help the government to build new infrastructure and improve rural infrastructure. Farmers will be the biggest beneficiaries from this move, as they will be able to improve their productivity and get high prices by selling their crops instanter in the market to the large organized players. Government will also gai n by FDI through transparent and accountable monitoring of goods and supply change management systems. Products will be available to the consumers at reduced price since products will be purchased directly from the farmers and sold to consumers. This will provide lots of job opportunities to unemployed people in India.It will provide more options to the farmers with less wastage of agriculture product. FDI in retail will increase the competition for Indian players pushing them to improve their products and services. The final beneficiary of this competition will be the consumers. We have enormous wastage in foods and vegetables because small stores and vegetable vendors cannot afford refrigerated trucks, or any refrigeration. The stores lose money, and so does the consumer (because a lot of the fruits/ vegetables spoil too quickly after purchase. Hence the State governments should go with this agenda instead of opposing it and see the bigger picture. 9. McKinsey report on economic p erformance of India-McKinsey Global Institute prepared a report on how the global economy works with a special focus on India which will be the most populated but remains one of the poorest economies. Special focus was given on the economic performance and growth potential of the country comparing its growth with its neighbour China. Following findings were made- A decade ago India and China had the same GDP per capital, but now Indias GDP is only half that of china. Some of the factors preventing Indias GDP to grow in comparison to China are Low Productivity-This arises due to regulations concerning markets and products, land market ownership distortions and government owned businesses since they protect most industries from competition.Inequitable regulations-such regulations restrict competition thus simplification efficiency as seen in the telecommunication industries there private players have to pay a heavy licensing fees compared to government owned incumbents who do not do s o. Uneven enforcement- the small scale industries steal power frequently compared to bigger more visible counterparts who cant do so. Reservation of products for small scale industries-Around 500 products are reserved for small scale industries (as of 2001), such reservations restricts these industries to achieve production efficiency. Licensing or Quasi Licensing-Several sectors such as dairy require a license from Government before starting production. These licensing authorities prevent private entrants into entering competition.Government ownership of companies promote inefficiency and waste-their labour productivity levels are far below their private players- in telecommunications and electricity government control both the regulators and state electricity boards(SEBs) which are highly inefficient and lose around 30 % to stealth compared to 10% of power lost by private players to theft. Poor infrastructure and less red tape in port management could greatly reduce customs clear ance time. Unclear Ownership- A large proportion of land in India is subject to legal disputes over their ownership and the courts are very slow in resolving disputes. This prevents buying land for retail and housing. Counterproductive taxation-Low property taxes, ineffective tax collection, subsidised user charges for water and power leave the local governments unable to invest in infrastructure e. g. in Delhi water is supplied at 10% of its true cost. MEASURES TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY-The following measures were suggested removing reservations on small scale industries, establishing effective proactive and independent regulators, rationalising taxes and custom duties, removing restrictions on foreign investment and widespread privatisation which will boost competition, further improving the quality of products, and at times, has reduced the cost also. Removing the barriers to higher productivity, privatization and a more efficient taxation could save the government from what it l oses now by providing subsidies to the state owned enterprises, helping it to reduce its burgeoning budget deficit. change magnitude Productivity and opening more sectors to FDI would also create new jobs, which is crucial for the second most populous country of the world. 10. ConclusionIndia and China are exemplars of the changes brought on by globalization. They are two of the fastest growing economies in the world and possess two of the largest domestic markets by number of consumers. FDI has been a major contributor to both nations growth, bringing in more than just investment capital. FDI has fostered the introduction of technology, human know-how, and helped to link nations internationally. India has complex FDI regimes that, while allowing for large nominal volumes of FDI inflows, has major flaws. India still protects large economic sectors from investment, is slow to approve foreign acquisitions of domestic firms (if at all), and is characterized by excessive bureaucracy.Th e analyses in the current study suggest that Chinas potentially huge domestic market is the major determinant of its inward FDI . Comparing to India, Chinas better performance in attracting FDI fromwas mainly due to its larger domestic market and higher international trade ties along with better infrastructure and less of red tapism. . . 10. References 1) Bajpai N and Dasgupta N,Multinational Companies and Foreign Direct Investment in China and India, Centre on Globalization and Sustainable Development (CGSD) Working Paper No. 2 2) Wei W,China and India Any difference in their FDI performances? , Journal of Asian Economics, Vol-16 719736(2005) ) Bensidoun I , Lemoine F, The integration of China and India into the world economy a comparison, The European Journal of Comparative Economics,Vol- . 6, n. 1, pp. 131-155 4)http//www. investinginindia. in/ FDI Website. 5)M. Shamim Ansari, M. Ranga,Indias Foreign Direct Investment Current Status,Issues,and Policy Recommendations,UTMS Journ al of Economics, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 1-16, 2010 6)Bajpai, N. and Dasgupta, N. , What Constitutes Foreign Direct Investment Comparison of India and China, Columbia Earth Institute, Columbia University, Working Paper, April. 7)Agosin, M. and R. Mayer (2000). Foreign investment in Developing Countries Does it Crowd in Domestic Investment? Discussion Paper No. 146, UNCTAD, Geneva

The Fuel Behind the Rapid Spread of Islam During

The religion of Islam is the second largest belief system in the worldly concern with all over one billion believers. As of 2009, al around one quarter of the worlds population follow after Islam, second only to Christianity. But roughly 15 centuries ago, this was non true at all in all concerning Islam. The populations that now embrace Islam expect roots in a polytheistic society where Islam did not up to now exist. Christianity was clearly the dominant religion of that time fulfilment and the wide influence of the Byzantine imperium ensured the continued influence of the Church.Some historians brace noted that vigour substantial seemed to stand out culturally or militarily concerning the emerging Islamic population when compared with Europe. Simon Barton of the University of Exeter writes in his book review concerning the work, The Great Arab Conquests How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In Why did Islam prove so conspicuously successful in galvanizing th e energies of its adherents?Why was it, given that the Muslims achieved no significant breakthrough in military technology that the well-established great powers with which they came into conflict notably the Byzantine and Persian empires in the east or the Visigothic kingdom in the west proved unable to halt their advance? (Sidelko 2009, 466) The fact that the emerging Muslim society didnt appear to have an overwhelming advantage in the years leading up to the s all the sameth century growth explosion of Islam begs the very interrogate that Simon Barton just asked.In this paper, I will attempt to discuss some of the conditions that help account for the rapid fan out of Islam during the 7th century, such as the policy-making conditions surrounding the Byzantine empire, conditions surrounding Orthodoxy and Catholicism, and conditions surrounding the introduction of Islam as a religion. From the 6th century leading into the 7th century, the Byzantine Empire became locked in a se ries of wars with the Persian Empire. These conflicts began around 500 A. D. , and lasted nto the for the first time decades of the 7th century. These disputes brought about a great strain upon resources for both empires. Both lands were diminished and did not have enough time to lick their wounds before raids from Muslim groups started becoming more and more frequent. Although the Byzantine Empire seemed to have some form of victory over the Persian Empire, that notion became meaningless when Persian Empire under the rule of the Sasanian dynasty began to fall to the Arabs raiders who were becoming more organized as time progressed.Eventually, the Persian Empire was completely absorbed just as the Oxford Islamic Studies Online article states, The surprising speed at which the conquests took place can be attri buted to the weakness of countries debilitated by long external conflicts (the Sasanian Empire) or by the fragility of internal structure (The Spread of Islam). The Byzantine Empire lost much of their territory that they had claimed from the Persians. They simply were not ready for a fresh, new challenger after dealing with a century long war.This is one of the conditions that accounts for the rapid growth of Islam. Many Arabs had become fiery followers of Islam at this point and Muslims had gained established, strong leadership which was directing their growing forces despite Mohammads death. With the gaining of new territory, the message of Islam would no doubt follow along. Without successes from the likes of Charles Martel, the Byzantine Empire could have ended up like the Persians.Again, the Oxford Islamic Studies Online article writes, The eighth century saw further expansions eastwards as far as the river Indus and the Sind theatrical role and westwards through northern Africa to Spain and France where the over-stretched army was stopped at the battle of Poitiers by Charles Martel. (The Spread of Islam) The Byzantine Empire was greatly diminish ed, but suave managed, however, to stay intact enough to prevent total assimilation of the Arab conquest. During the time of the 7th century, Christianity was largely split into two main groups Orthodoxy and Catholicism.These two counterparts of Christianity often time were at odds because of discrepancies over where the true source of Church authority actually resided within the Byzantine Empire. As a result, Christian fringe groups in countries such as Egypt or Palestine would be easily labeled as heretics and would find themselves disassociated from the Church. When the Arab conquest claimed these lands, they tended to show more tolerance for non Muslims in alter for good citizenship within he new Islamic environment. Also, Islam was fresh and hadnt begun to suffer from its own power struggles from within the belief system. As Shenk writes, One wonders what parallels to Muslim Spain world power be found in the rise of an Islamic figurehead in the heart of the European Balkan s. Bosnias capital Sarajevo adds the intrigue of its location along the historic speck line between the two major branches of the Christian heritage in the region, Orthodox and Catholic.In any number of centuries since the arrival of Slavic peoples in migrations date from the sixth and seventh centuries (C. E. ), recruitment efforts based both in Rome and in Constantinople (Istanbul today) were zealous to secure the allegiance of the newly arriving tribes for their respective church orbits. (Shenk et al 2006) This tolerance is described as a sort of legacy that some regions of the Muslim world have left behind. Many oppressed throughout score after the seventh century could flee to certain parts of the Muslim world for refuge.Muslims believed in one true God, and they determined that the rule of the land and Islam should be the same one people, one government, and one religion without any distinctions. This characteristic, along with Muslims early tolerance of fringe Christian g roups seems to have given Islam a subtle, but unique advantage over the appeal that Orthodoxy and Catholicism had towards other Christians. As a result of this, Islam was better able to retain more territories and perhaps even convert more people over to their confidence.These conditions also help account for the rapid spread of Islam during the 7th century. Paul Sidelko s remarks in his review of Hugh Kennedys book, Whether it was demographic decline and internal political divisions that sapped the morale of many of Islams rivals, or the motivation, leadership and mobility that characterized the Muslim military machine, Kennedy wisely concludes that in the final analysis quantify was everything. If Muhammad had been born a generation preceding, it is unlikely that he or his successors would have achieved what they did. (Sidelko 2009, 466)One cannot know for certain what would have happened if Muhammad started spreading Islam a generation earlier. But, I would tend to agree with Sidelko (and Kennedys) notion that if Muhammad had lived to spread Islam in 300 A. D. rather than in 500 A. D. , Islam may not have spread so well. Also, nothing really stood out about early Muslim culture or technology during the times leading up to their conquest. The main reason the early presence of Muslims is difficult to find in the archaeologic record is not because we dont know where or how to look for it it is because it isnt there.Outside of Arabia, Muslims have been a minority of immigrants at first and have tended to assimilate to the local material culture. Local converts to Islam have tended to keep their own material culture. (Morony 2006, 437) Early Muslims simply didnt stand out even with the archaeological record. To me, this suggests that Byzantine Empire would have been stronger, and far more equipped to handle a growing adversary who was still a minority if Islams rise happened earlier in history. The Persian Empire may not have yielded so readily, perhaps kee ping Islam contained even further.And the conditions in Arab society may not have been quite so receptive to Muhammads new religion. Muhammad faced opposition for many years before he was successful at gaining any traction for his Islamic teachings among the Arab people. One hundred years earlier may have been even more difficult to do especially since the Arabs were polytheistic well before Muhammad started to spread Islam. There is also something to be said about how fervent the Muslims became about Islam once it finally started to become popular after Muhammads death.The Arabs took with them a fresh faith with a fresh sense of fervency that was not equally matched the war torn Byzantine and Persian Empires. For the first five centuries or so since the earliest, and most traumatic, encounter between Christendom and Islam in the second quarter of the seventh century, Christian attitudes to Islam had been compounded of ignorance, misperception, hostility and fear. (Fletcher et al 2 003). Such hostility and fear may not have been aroused by a younger, stronger Byzantine Empire.So then, the mere timing of the introduction of Islam seems to account for why this faith spread so apace during the 7th century. When one considers how the present is interwoven with the past, it is amazing to consider how the teachings of one man could spread so quickly across the world hundreds of years ago, and yet still maintain a quarter of the worlds population as followers in present times. It is amazing to think that Islam perhaps wouldnt be prevalent at all if Muhammad or his successors were born too early or too late for the Muslim message to catch on due to unforeseen cultural influences.What if Muhammad had been born elsewhere? And to think what if somehow the Byzantine Empire had found a way to better manage their constant fighting with Persia, or if the Catholic Church had exercised more tolerance like the Muslims first did after acquiring new lands that had a noticeable C hristian population? A change in these factors could have certainly changed the course of history. But as things are, these conditions of the past are the reasons why Islam spread so rapidly centuries again, and is still one of the largest religions in the world today.

Pigs cant fly

Thesis Life is about making decisions and creating an identity for oneself and yet at times decisions atomic number 18 make for one that would forever impact ones life, and ones sensory faculty of identity in ways that would cause us to question between ones personal desire and choosing to conform. identity element is something that seems to be encouraged by many around the globe. Creating a sense of unique identity is something all humans will unconsciously do.Many would argue that laissez faire and identity go hand in hand and are something all people have the right to. In the short story Pigs Cant Fly by Shyam Selvadurai we egin to learn how certain identities arent accepted as much as others are. Selvadurai describes the life of a young boy by the name of Arlie which isnt quite the same as the other boys in his family. ame as the other boys in his family. Thesis Life is about making decisions and creating an identity for oneself and yet at times decisions are made for one tha t would forever impact ones life, and ones sense of identity in ways that would cause us to question between ones personal desire and choosing to conform. would torever impact ones lite, and ones sense ot identity in ways that would cause

Of Mice and Men Qu Essay

Do you agree that Lennie is always incapable of taking responsibility for his actions? You should doctor closely to Lennies terms, to thus farts and to the actions and horizons of other characters in your answer.Throughout the majority of the novel, Steinbeck demonstrates how Lennie relies on George to stand by him out of the dire, puree stakes he brings upon himself. Steinbeck conveys this image of Lennie by producing this by frequent reoccurring events, Lennies actions or even implicit usage of speech from or even directed at Lennie.At the opening section of the book, Steinbeck chooses to show us the large contrast between George and Lennie he describes how Lennie flung himself down snorting into the urine the likes of a horse. The give of crude descriptive words such as flung or snorting suggests still how careless Lennie sight be. This compares Lenny to an animal which instinctively lashes at the sight of something they want without thinking logically at all. And wit h this, the readers taste the graduation time at which how reliant Lennie is of George. Steinbeck chooses to have George say that Lennie will be sick like you was be night. By mentioning last night, the reader learns that Lennie must regularly gather stupid mistakes like this.It is do genuinely apparent how Lennie is unable to take responsibility for his actions when he crushes Curleys hand. Lennie was unable to understand the situation when Curley made a misunderstanding about Slim and his wife and Lennie continued smiling with delight on a completely different topic. This produces a juxtaposition image in the readers learning ability where at one side Curley is steaming hot with anger as he whirled upon Carlson (the word whirled alike suggests how he plainly gave Slim respect opposed to Carlson who he flipped into his old aggressive self again) and on the other, Lennie is grinning to himself like an idiot. The fact that Steinbeck chooses to have Lennie fantasize whilst a l oud commotion is going on nearby shows just how little awareness and sense Lennie has altogether.And this is what leads into the fight. When Lennie is being attacked, he has no intuition to make a decision on what to do so once again he run acrossed helplessly at George. The word helplessly in truth emphasises just how incapable Lennie is like a baby animal or lamb for instance when he gets himself into trouble like this. He bleated with terror implying that even with the strength Lennie possesses, he is unable to analyse the situation to take responsibility of the problem he has gotten himself into. The words bleated and terror really create an atmosphere as if Lennie like a baby lamb has been corned by a wolf. This is do by using the onomatopoeia bleat so you washbowl almost here how distressed and assailable Lennie is at this stage.All he can do is use his animal like instincts and retreat and arrest with his huge paws. The reference to paws may also hint to us what is abo ut to come until now it may have several connotations a bear is a shy beast and doesnt want attention, however if a situation of danger arises, it can be extremely vicious and protective just like Lennie becomes when George tells him to get him. On the other hand, paws may refer to another weaker animal such as the paws of a puppy that Lennie was so infatuated about. This can symbolize how weak and inexperienced Lennie is since he is also current to this aggression he is receiving likewise to a new born pup is to the world.At this stage, Slim sees how endangered and useless he is and jumped up to help. The impact the moment is causing on the other workers watching is shown to be so big that the respected Slim is even shaken conveyed by jumped up. It shows how emotions inside Slim were twist up until they finally jumped out of him in an explosion. Steinbeck does this to show how useless Lennie can be in these situations so that even people around him who have known him for a few hours understand how dependent he is. However, Lennie with Georges guidance was able to do something however his actions shows the reader once again just how incidentally irresponsible he can be.At first the description of Lennies attack is just that Curleys fist was lost in Lennies big hand. It isnt very dramatic at this point and just seems like Lennie stops Curley from attacking him. For example, it could of been described using dramatic words such as Curleys hand was absolutely crushed causing him to scream with agony however it uses the word disappear to relieve all the tension that may of built up this may be done to cause a greater impact later on.The speech that follows explains how the situation was worsening. George tells Lennie to leggo of him but all Lennie could do was watch in terror which shows how shaken up he is so that he cant even respond. Even with George who slapped him in the face again and again, Lennie was still unresponsive. By slapping him George hoped to achieve a respond which would normally happen to anyone however it shows that Lennie was undergoing a mental difficulty insde. The way Steinbeck describes George having to give nine-fold signals again and again like slapping or verbal commands show how incapable Lennie was.When Lennie finally finishes he doesnt seem to even understand what hes done. He doesnt even look at the shrunken Curley and immediately talks to George miserably. At this point Slim had regarded Lennie with horror showing how his opinion of him being a nice fella had turned so very quickly. By having Slim- a very high respected figure looking at Lennie with this horror, Steinbeck causes the readers to truly understand how dangerous and contumacious he is.Lennies only concern here was probably mainly whether or not he could tend to the rabbits so he was apologizing to George. He even asks George at the end of the section whether he can still tend the rabbits which once again shows us how unaware of the situation he really is and this requires George to look into their greater concern- whether they will get canned now. This shows that even though Lennie is not prioritized correctly, George once again desperately tries to fix the damage thats been done which suggests how many times this may of happened in the past. Steinbeck just repeatedly reinforces the firm idea of what Lennie is like and how George has to bail him out time and time again.It states how Slim smiled wryly and instantly the world wryly shows how Slim is going to take responsibility and deal with Curley in a slightly devious, corrupt method so that George and Lennie wont get sacked.After Lennie killed the puppy in section 5, his initial fears was once again the rabbits. And after he causes the death of Curleys wife, his fears remained the same. At that point, he pawed up the hay until it partly covered her and left for the place where George told him to go if anything wrong happened. The fact that Lennie artlessly leaves the body openly partly hidden in the barn shows how little concern he has for the larger picture. The way Lennie only partly hides the corpse shows what little concern he has almost to the extent where it becomes unreasonable as all he can think of is go to the rendezvous part and have George help him yet again.Up until the beginning of section 6, Lennie has acted irresponsibly and ironically, he begins to think accordingly to the situation only when it is too late. Opposed to how he flung himself around in section 1, Lennie went through the bushes to the meeting place as silently as a creeping bear moves. He also drank, barely touching his lips to the water opposed to how he was snorting it like a horse. Steinbeck uses the same location to create a strong contrast between the juxtaposition used here. As he crept silently and drank barely touching the water, these dickens words emphasise how carefully he is acting. Steinbeck deliberately does this to emphasise how late it is for him to be responsible and coordinated. And even so, it is George once again who has to take the real responsibility to shoot him.

Harper Lee’s “To Kill a Mockingbird” Essay

In Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird, genus genus Atticus Finch is a manhood of action. He will never sit idly by while danger is afoot. He locomote in, takes charge, and does the job right. Atticus is a man the town can call upon when crisis has arisen. One concrete sheath of this ability would be the Mad Dog incident. Tim Johnson ran rabid in the streets of Maycomb, and the man called for the job was none separate than Atticus Finch. Atticus lickd this problem with one well placed gunshot, but this would be solo the beginning. The rabid suction stop Atticus shoots is echoed later in the novel in his attempt to save the corporation from committing an act of madness.The responsibility of defending Tom Robinson is given to Atticus in the identical matter that Heck Tate gave Atticus the responsibility of defending the town from Tim Johnson. Shooting and wounding a rabid dog can proficient make the situation worse, just the same as wounding a towns governance of beliefs and va lues, and as Heck says, both situations are a one shot job. (109) One Shot Finch is brought in to solve the problem. Defending Tom to the point of waiting outside his jail cell, protecting him from a lynching the vulgar shows Atticuss willingness to carry out a task completely. In this scene he comes against an accurate pack of mad dogs armed torches and pitchforks and running rabid with prejudice, ignorance and rage. This situation is a great deal to a greater extent intense for Atticus, because this time his children are involved. Even with a pack of vengeful, drunken, and angry men staring low Atticus and his two children Atticus still stays calm and put the newspaper squander actually narrowly, adjusting its creases with lingering fingers. (173) The same calm is shown in the dog scene Scout believes he moves gracefully, like an underwater swimmer. (109)In the trial scene, Atticus must face the toughest pack of mad dogs, yet the jury. Foaming at the mouths with preconceive d notions of how the trial will end, Atticus must attempt the impossible and try to convince a panel of white people that a black man is innocent. Like making a careful shot, Atticus takes aim and sets up all his opponents. He then strikes them all down with one fast move. The sad thing about this fight is that everyone knows that there is no way Atticus can win. Atticus Finch wint winhe cant win. But hes the exactly man in these parts who could keep a jury out solong in a case like that. (247) This, however, is all beside the point. The point is that everyone in that courtroom sees Atticus gun down the prosecution with cold, hard evidence, and does so with a certain finesse and dignity that no other lawyer in the town of Maycomb could possess. Hes not supposed to lean, Reverend, but dont fret, weve won it. Dont see how whatever jury could convict on what we heard. (238) No matter how secure of a shot Atticus is, the jury was already infected with a seemingly incurable madness. trail Ewell is the ideal personification of a mad dog to the town of Maycomb. Most of the community doesnt purge attempt to treat the Ewells like citizens. The Ewells are members of an exclusive society made up of Ewells. (34) Bob Ewell has kaput(p) mad with jealousy and hatred. He feeds on hatred. Though Atticus attempts to retain some respect for Mr. Ewell, he thoroughly maintains his higher standards whenever Bob comes looking for trouble. Atticus was leaving the post office when Mr. Ewell approached him, cursed him, come down on him, and threatened to kill him but Atticus didnt bat an eye (249) Even in a literal sense, Bob Ewell is foaming at the mouth.This mad dog is shot down by means of public humiliation, however. I destroyed his last shred of credibility at that trial, if he had any to begin with. (250) Bob Ewells reputation had been shot dead.In conclusion, the series of events after the mad dog incident are all too similar to be purely coincidental. A common subject of the mad dog runs done crisis just as a common theme of the mockingbird runs through peace. Situations involving mad dogs are Atticuss responsibility, and it becomes evident that Atticus is called upon to pull a lot of charge in the town of Maycomb. Atticus Finch will continue to answer the call for help, no matter where it comes from, or what its for.