Industrial ergonomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

industrial ergonomics - Essay ExampleThis paper will look at sympathetic error, and how it relates and affects ergonomic issues in the workplace.The human body is prone to get fatigued after continuous, vigorous work. This leaves room for errors to inevitably occur, as a result of fatigue. For example, take a person working in the office behind a computer the entire day. The eyes, wrists, and back are strained significantly from constant use and movement. At the destroy of the day, this person may not be fully productive due to fatigue. The application of ergonomics comes into playing period in such scenarios. Devices are designed to ensure that a persons performance is optimal, greatly bring down the chances of human error, which are a result of fatigue. In the scenario provided, special glasses for the eyes, high articulating keyboard for the wrist and adjustable chairs for the back are some of the features that can be adopted to reduce fatigue and human error (Karwowski, 1997 ).Ergonomics, therefore, ensures that the employees are safe and, that they perform optimally in any organization. This is done by reducing the amount of errors in their output, thus, strengthening their input. This translates to more productivity since employees will work for longer hours with reduced levels of fatigue. This strategy ensures that companies reduce internals costs and improve working capability, thus, boosting the profits to higher margins. It also helps the company save up money which would otherwise go to employees for compensation in key cases of fatigue and human error. It is highly recommended for companies to acquire this and help their employees in maximizing their potential, which will subsequently boost the companys objectives (Karwowski,

Case studing (nursing science) Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Studing (nursing science) - Case Study ExampleHis heart graze is increasing as well as his breathe per minutes. At his age, excitement is very much change magnitude and is there for increasing also the cardiovascular activity. The cardiovascular system helps transport oxygen and nutrients to tissues, transport carbon dioxide and other metabolites to the lungs and kidneys, and distribute hormones throughout the body. The cardiovascular system also assists with therto a greater extentgulation. The runners sympathetic nervous system is activated (central command), and catecholamines ar fall by the waysided from the adrenal medulla. This is the reason in cardiac acceleration, increased myocardial contractility, increased cardiac yield, peripheral vasoconstriction, and an increase in kind pressure.As the race started the following factors in the cardiovascular system are considered the heart rate, peripheral resistance, skin beginning flow, cardiac output, and phone line flow distr ibution. Cardiovascular changes at the start of the game include the compression of the blood vessels in the contracting muscle leading to a reduction in the blood flow. Heart rate continues to increase during the race, until the rate reaches a plateau of about 180 beats/min at maximum effort. Peripheral resistance decreases because of relaxation of arterioles in active muscle and skin (as body temperature rises). Skin blood flow increases, which aids in heat loss. Blood flow to inactive muscle, kidney, and vaunttrointestinal tract is reduced. Because BP is a major determinant of afterload, the left ventricular wall stress, and thus the cardiac workload, is significantly higher. As the speciality of the race increases the BP is also increasing from 120 mmHg to approximately 200 mmHg. Maximum oxygen uptake level (VO2max) is reached during this state. Cardiac output increases during the race until 40% of VO2max (maximum oxygen uptake level) is reached. Cardiac output rises from app roximately 80 mL/beat to approximately 120 mL/beat. HR increases with intensity until VO2max is reached. HR rises from approximately 70 beats per minute to approximately 200 beats per minute. Cardiac output increases with intensity until VO2max is reached. Cardiac output rises from approximately 5 L/min to approximately 25-30 L/min. (Suleman, 2006).The race is almost over the athletes are chasing to cross the finish line first. There is an increase in Pa carbon dioxide in the Kenyan athlete. PACO2 represents the amount of CO2 in solution. When there is an increase in blood PACO2, there is an increase in ventilation. During this stage more oxygen is needed and more CO2 and metabolic acid are produced. There is an increased cardiac output because the tissues need more oxygen supplied to them. This is also caused due to an increase of lung ventilation to support gas tensions in arterial blood, which experiences faster blood flow. When an individual is on the move, the venous blood show s signs of decreased O2 levels, increased CO2 levels, and an increase in H+ levels. During the race the blood flow to the leg muscles increases because of the local factors, which includes the release of vasodilator metabolites (e.g. adenosine) the increase in muscle temperature and the local decreased in pH (increased CO2 and lactic acid). The arterioles dilate and more capillaries open (capillary recruitment). Venous return is facilitated in running by the following sympathetic-mediated condensate of capacitance vessels muscle compression of the leg veins with one-way

Vision of the Purpose and Structure of Schools of the Future Essay - 1

Vision of the Purpose and Structure of Schools of the Future - taste ExampleThis essay stresses that there are some basic assumptions in the views and approaches described in this trim towards multi heathenism. The main assumption is that the minority cultures are similar in their differences from the majority culture. The vision assumes that all immigrants consume equal access to technology and the necessary know-how.This paper makes a conclusion that the various cultures are so diverse among themselves that there is no single general rule that can handle all these differences at once collectively in order to integrate these cultures with the culture of the majority. The vision does not consider the adventure of any communication gap between the teacher and the immigrant students while communicating or learning online. It would be difficult to find teachers who are experts in both subjects and arts. Employing art teachers for interpreting subject classes will shutting up with the school having as many art teachers as school teachers. The languages are, in reality, extremely contrastive in their writing systems, structure and interpretation. While some of the languages can be dealt with collectively, some will comport to be taken into account separately. Handling these differences would be a Herculean task. Assigning teachers from various cultural backgrounds would likely leave the schools with more hands than they totally need. Furthermore, ensuring a balanced mix of minority and majority teachers would sometimes mean sacrificing or overlooking the abilities and skills of an efficient teacher for the purpose of maintaining the mix.

English paper . Williams in the american grain Essay

English paper . Williams in the american whit - judge ExampleThe American dominance over the world, prevalent still, can be traced backed to this psyche of these heroes. besides De Soto also had the added advantage of being very tactical. He was able to convince the native tribes that he was of prophesy origin and thusly posed before them as a formidable god. When we study the period of De Soto, thus the power of negotiation can be seen slowly gaining ground at par with the power of weapons and riches.Survivalism was the political orientation that unknowingly led all the conquistadors win their battles without bothering about hurting others. This kind of survivalism still runs deep in the blood of Americans. As described in the introduction to the book by Horace Grigory (p.17 of Introduction, Williams) the American tradition is characterized by the impulse to make all things new, to build new cities to abandon projects with the scaffolding in the air,(and)to move forrard to an other El Dorado. De Sotos adventures also fit into this profile. The ability to endure and then rise from mavins own ashes like a phoenix are also some other attributes of these forward Americans and the modern ones. Thus the collective American personality was built through the lives of these heroes and villains of history and has its roots in the mental fabric of these early founders and explorers.One criticism that arises in ones mind by and by reading of In the American Grain is that whatever the author makes out as the American grain, can also be equally and logically attributed to the whole of humanity. The instinct to find new worlds, to draw new things and the El Dorado mindset are convincingly universal rather than American. William has contented that there is a source in AMERICA for everything we think or do that morals affect the aliment and food the bone, and that, in fine we have no conception at all of what is meant by moral, since

Air Pollution in America Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Air Pollution in America - Term Paper suitThis is due to the fact as time goes by, people breathe in so m any things that croupe be considered liter of air.In the course of a day, we breathe 5,000 to 15,000 liters of air. With each breath, we inhale spirit-sustaining oxygen, which is draped in our lungs and carried throughout our body. Air also contains pollutants, including pollen, microbes, particles such as soot and dust, and gases such as degree centigrade monoxide-substances that can harm the human body. Contact with these harmful substances, which are filtered through the lungs and can also call down the eyes and skin, triggers several defense mechanisms such as coughing, sneezing, and the production of secretions. When these defense mechanisms are overwhelmed, human wind is damaged or destroy. Chronic or severe exposure may hasten the onset and improvement of disease and even result in death (Myer, p.43).Even though this study would have been conducted in other countr ies, almost all the worlds countries and their people possess unifying attributes that make them distinct and unmistakable for any other nationality, race, culture and language. America possesses the probability of encountering this problem because of countless causes such as cultural differences and differences in opinions while having environment issues that could very destroy the earth. This is why there has been discussion of air pollution lend to health issues in such a way, which gives a bleak future. This is why there was a cost case between the unite States vs. Rapanos was an issue because they went against the Clean Air Act.DiscussionIt is easy to gather that Americans want a future that has economic prosperity and clean air that will be more abundant. This is because the American life consists of material prosperity as much as in civil liberties or political country is an old on as the content of what people believe it to be. However, since the structure of globalizatio n has to be hypothesize while the greenhouse effect is being dealt with through the air pollution issue, the planets air is being destroyed by carbon dioxide and other pollutants.. There is only one way to pacify our inflamed atmospheric state The climate challenge requires all the countries of the world to adopt a common framework with mandatory decrement targets. Within such a framework, countries can find their own ways to meet the shared goal. Since the united States emits at least twenty percent of the worlds greenhouse gases - with only five percent of the worlds population - it intelligibly needs to take a prominent role in any global solution. Here is a concrete framework for change that is financially sensible, politically feasible and based on existing engineering science (Gelbspan). In the twenty-first century, economic changes and changes in the environment were threatening all American classes economically. . With addressing global solutions for the environment, t he United States will force environmental laws onto the public such as the following.John and Judith Rapanos own three parcels of play in the State of Michigan known as the Salzburg, Hines Road, and Pine River sites. PA at A2. In the 1980s and 90s, the Rapanos engage contractors to prepare these sites for development. The

Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Questions - Essay ExampleWhile considering the facts given in military post (a), we came to know that both the firms (our firm as well as competitors firm) have revealed their strategies openly and both the firms butt joint calculate their own benefits while taking others production mensuration and other strategies into account. This situation offers the optimum benefits that are driven by the strategies applied by our competitor whence it indicates that there is a Nash Equilibrium condition (James Brickley,Clifford Smith,Jerold Zimmerman 9-5).While on other hand when we dont know exactly the strategies of our competitor and still set our preference for optimal benefits then the condition refers to preponderating strategies. Dominant strategies always lead to maximum profit whether we know our competitors strategies or not. This fact condition may be a case of dominant strategies because here we are dedicated for optimal profits (James Brickley,Clifford Smith,Jerold Zimmerman 9-5). However, since some dominant strategies fall under Nash Equilibrium and the situation satisfies the required aspects of Nash Equilibrium we can say that this is a Nash Equilibria

National Political Convention Project Research Paper

National political Convention Project - Research Paper ExampleThe analysis will be the framework for kingdom and urban fusion centres to conduct a study on the threats posed by terrorism activities. In addition, the analysis will help to thwart any attacks that Al Qaeda wishes to coincide with US bailiwick half-yearly political campaigns. It will give recommendations after studying the past attacks by Al Qaeda.In late 1998, Al Qaeda targeted US embassies in both Kenya and Tanzania. It was a successful mission for the group. and so on that point was the bombing of American consulate in Pakistan. Al Qaida planned to kill 5000 people in Mumbai, precisely they managed to kill a less number. The worst attack was in September of 2008. It was the biggest terrorism attack in the worlds history. History indicates that Al Qaeda always launch their surges on the day preceding every biennial US election, since 2000Al Qaeda has a cyclical pattern of conducting attacks on America, six weeks preceding the elections. on that point was a partially accurate pattern since 2000 to 2008. Experts have provided forewarning about the attacks. The forewarning is accurate and indicates the timings and locations of the attacks. The experts predicted accurately the 9/11 attacks and the failed plot to send bomb parcels to the US. With the attacks, the experts predicted a possibility of the attacks in 2012, to ensure there is an election rigging. There is sufficient evidence to prove the attacks.The terrorists in New York, targeted financial institutions, in the city. Furthermore, there were catastrophic attacks in Washington. Government and military buildings were the main targets. All these attacks happened six days before US national biennial elections. The terrorists were from Yemen. They are a branch of Al Qaeda. In addition to the attacks in American soil, the terrorist bombed New Delhi and Tel Aviv (Riedel, 2010).All these pattern of attacks shows the US is vulnerable to futu re attacks. The attacks happen during the election

Death Penalty in Illinois Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Death Penalty in Illinois - Essay manakinThe main problem revolves around inconclusive evidence, which is use in criminal cases (Adriane de Vogue, Illinois abolishes demise penalty). The accounting of the ending penalty system in Illinois has illustrated that the death penalty system does not apply real evidence that can prove an individual is guilty beyond reasonable doubt. A number of cases stupefy proven that individuals argon convicted yet the evidence provided is not conclusive, and upon further investigation, several innocent individuals are sentenced to death-row. (Long, Illinois death penalty ban kicks in) After 11 years of the application of the death sentence in the state, in 2000, George Ryan ordered suspension of death sentences, for fear of executing innocent individuals. As a backer of the death penalty, Ryan had to change his ideology on the death penalty, because he was concerned at the number of inmates that were clear-cut from the death penalty. It was clear that the problem of the death sentence was the way it was operated or utilized. In 1991, Jermain Marlow Wright was convicted for the murder of a liquor store clerk Phillip Seifert. Upon review on 3 January 2012, Delaware court judge John A. Parkins was remaining speechless at Wrights prison term. ... He was convicted in 1988 for the rape of a six-month-old child (Chloe Britt), while she was in her care. A pathologist as well as the police, testified that the child was brutally raped and ripped from one give up to the other. However, upon further review of the case, it was revealed that Chloe was never sexually abused, but she died from a tragic fall. Even with the evidence widening with Harvard, he is still awaiting his execution. It illustrates how the nature of evidence is used in a biased manner and conviction is based on falsified evidence and not actual evidence. Yet even with the evidence proving his evidence, Harvard cannot be released, because of the mechanisms that are used in the death sentence system. The nature of bias in the court system is exhibit in the case of Holland v. Florida. Holland was convicted of murder, and he was allowed to appeal his sentencing within a given period. However, his attorney was late in filing an appeal within the allocated period, which was due to poor communication from the attorney. Holland appealed against his attorneys misconduct, and he managed to comport his conviction overturned over the technicality of his attorneys erratic behavior. This case bas be draw as a blatant attempt at trying to victimize an innocent civilian (Adriane de Vogue, Illinois abolishes death penalty). The state in the case is in violation of its application of the law, which has brought into question of the use and judgment that is applied in state courts. The nature of bias has proven to be a hindrance in the administering of the law, and it is with this reasoning that the death sentence has been abolished in Illinois. The death se ntence is a legal measured that was used as a tool of

Change context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Change context - Essay ExampleFor example, one may question whether a halt in the organizations operations would result in the same modifys observed and the consequent associated benefits, or, while in operation, what changes are the organization seeing in its context, that need to be taken into the account. A credible dissolvent to these questions will allow the organization identify what is important and effective this will allow the organization to bust necessary activities that seek to drive the organization to an affirmative position, and communicate its impact in a advance manner.Change doesnt usually occur in an unprecedented manner, and arriving at a reasonably unimpeachable form of change requires assessment and implementation of strategies meant to accomplish the organizations set goals. In most cases, organizational change results from major external driving forces that the organization has little control over, such as need for enlarge in productivity, significant cu ts in funding and need to address new market targets, among others. Normally, in a bid to turn back up with these changes that affect the organization, unprecedented changes must occur, devolving the organizations structure to newer improved standards that can keep up with the changing environment. Such evolving changes may include formulation of new policies such as changing from a highly hasty decision making entrepreneurial tendency to one which observes calm and sarcastic planning preceding decision. Such a move, which alters in the organizations operations results to organization-wide change.In comparison of three advertisements seeking to find viable individuals for employment in a managerial post, all the advertisements required highly skilled individuals, with an adequate educational background. Also, the duties to be tasked to the manager were quite similar, including development of new organizational ideas, planning of the organizations expenditure, acknowledgment of issues affecting the

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Psychology - Essay Example behaviourism Strength- the learner targets a clear goal and is very familiar with the goals requirements. Weakness- the learners may occasionally non keep the right stimulus for the right response. Answers for question 2 Sapir-Whorfs linguistic relativity hypothesis proposes that the particular proposition language we speak influences the way we think well-nigh reality (Dennis & John, 2008). This hypothesis, however, has met a lot of critics from other psychologists. For example, chirrup suggested that this hypothesis still needs much attention as there are controversies that still call it. She stated, Perhaps it is the suggestion that all ones lifespan one has been tricked, all unaware, by the social organisation of the language into a certain way of perceiving reality (Dennis & John, 2008). The essence of her statement is that, when people grow up and begin realizing reality from their own experiences, they may start disputing what their languages initially taught them. Answers for question 3 Crystallized intuition this is the capacity to utilize knowledge, experience and skills. It should not be likened to knowledge or memory as it does not depend on finding information from long-term memory. Fluid intelligence also called fluid conclude is the ability to solve problems and think logically in every situation irrespective of the acquired knowledge. It includes both the deductive and inductive reasoning. It involves application of the best logics in solving problems. Answers for question 4 Both the aptitude and acquisition discharges determine a learners general performance over a wide endure of mental capabilities. However, the amplitude test further measure specialized abilities including numerical and verbal skills to guess the assimilators earlier academic performance in educational programs. Achievement tests are closely associated with the topical achievements on specific school subjects. Answers for question 5 The validity of a standardized test is its service program and accuracy. Reliability of a standardized test on the other side is the capacity of the standardized test to give consistence results. Both the parameters are used by psychologists to effectively measure what they are testing. It is grievous to note that validity depends on reliability i.e. validity is not applicable without reliability. Answers for question 6 genial retardation refers to an individuals current level of functioning. The primary levels of mental retardation that psychologists use to affiliate people include limitation in adaptive behavior and limitation in intelligence. Accurate diagnosis involves three components origins of disability before 18 years of age, determinations of adaptive behavior shortfalls, and IQ score of about &0 or below. Answers for question 7 Intellectually gifted people are more businesslike at leaning new ideas and performing activities more than normally intelligent individua ls. The success of an individual in life based on the IQ score is relative in, that intellectually gifted people cede to exercise their gifts effectively to achieve success in life. But generally, intellectually gifted people prolong been observed to come up with new ideas, discoveries and developments that have made them more successful in life than the normally intellectual individuals. Answers for que

Compensation Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Compensation - Coursework ExampleThis discourse delves into analyzing these problems in addition, recommends solutions that the management needs take to screen out out the problem. It is crucial for the management because the modern economic environment poses additional problems that would make the situation complex. some(prenominal) questions concerning compensation of employees at the workplace generate complex answers. Among them, who handles employee compensation, what it entails, as well as why it is necessary for employers to carry it out (Mizell, 2010). This discourse delves into explaining the definition of employee compensation, its elements, ways through which institutions comprehend the needs of users, and reasons explaining the need for compensation. Mainly, the report card deals with ethical and legal issues pertaining to compensation a person while discharging his or her duties. The biggest question surrounds appropriate issues to choose while undertaking employee c ompensation. Is it legal and ethical for organizations to remunerate employees while they discharge their duties? What components should the institutions consider while put standards of remuneration? What aspects of compensation are acceptable both ethically and legally? In the process, various theories appreciate whether the employees have any privacy over what they earn at while at work.Many issues pull through to support the privacy of employees terms while at work. However, opposing stands on organizations granting rights to employees are equally strong. The tuition of technology leads to the need to create new rules with the best example being the U.S postal system. The type of employer in any case carries the potential to determine the protection extended to employees. While legal issues relating to employee compensation come under fundamental assessment, the same issue raises many ethical questions that the discourse will address in detail. To keep an streamlined and s afe work

Qualitative research study using a pediatric toolkit to decrease the Thesis

Qualitative explore study using a pediatric toolkit to decrease the discomfort and anxiety of a pediatric longanimous in an emergency department - Thesis ExampleThis toolkit wouldassist them in the premeditation of the pediatric tribe being treatment in the chaotic environment of a busy emergency trauma center. The toolkit would contain of distraction techniques, position changes, and advocacy for early pain management enhancing the emergency department experience for child, eyepatch simultaneously improving the satisfaction of the parents.With the 2011 health care reform bill staring health care providers in the face, patient-centered outcomes are prominently vital for reimbursement purposes. Accountability of health care providers, particularly nurses, and how the patient and their families descry the delivery of such care owing(p)ly influence the report cards. Therefore, a dissatisfied patient or family member who documents their concerns in a letter to the Chief Executive Officer of a hospital causes great consternation.The horizon of health care is rapidly approaching with the introduction of the numerous facets healthcare reform presents. root word cards specifically honing in on patient outcome and satisfaction will greatly need the amount of Medicare funding. Consequently, hospitals are paying a great deal of attention to improving the patient gumshoe status and raising the bar of patient outcomes and satisfaction.Our hospitals CEO recently received, in a one-month period of time, 3 letters to administration complaining about the lack of compassion demonstrated by Emergency Department nurses to the pediatric population. Parents of pediatric patients complained emergency department nurses were not compassionate, but rather icy and seemingly uncaring toward their ill or injured child. During mandatory Emergency Department staff meetings, this turn out was discussed at great length, and a fix-it quick plan was generated. Suddenly, with the dow n turn of the US economy, the main

PURCHASING PRACTICES assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

PURCHASING PRACTICES - Assignment ExampleIf the exchange rate is unfavorable, thither is a likeliness that we may be forced to cancel any purchases or reduce the quantities purchased. In purchasing commodities from China, we go forth need to countersink the value of the items for inflation both in China and in Canada. This could significantly adjust the value of the items.China and Canada have different cultures and trade practices. Business etiquette in China is heavily ground on Chinese culture and if we are to complete and business, we have to adhere to the rules of engagement. Chinas regimen has a significant say on the manner that business is conducted within the country. At the moment, there is a relatively open policy that encourages international businesses to engage in business transactions with their local companies. It is hence expected that we will face little opposition from the authorities if we were to purchase the items from a Chinese supplier. Furthermore, ther e are reduced tariffs on purchases made from china and this should help reduce the cost of the purchases

Politicial Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Politicial Science - Essay ExampleMiranda Rights is a tour criminal procedure where suspected criminals are given a model at the time of the arrest. This warning gives criminals the choice of remaining silent until they talk to their attorney to prevent police officers from taking advantage of the situation. The fifth Amendment creates this right.Executive Order is an order issued by the President which is legally binding. Such orders do not subscribe the approval of the Congress and cannot be overturned by the Congress. Even though there is no cooking in the Constitution that defines the rule of Executive Order but such orders have been issued and accepted by the US Supreme Court.Bureaucracies perform a multitude of functions for the government. They are important for effective functioning of the ideal system because they introduce accountability and efficiency in a broad range of task. Bureaucracies exist generally to increase productivity and efficiency in the system throug h a set of standards and guides.Department of demur The role of this department is to protect the country from any internal or external threat. This department monitors unlike forces including the Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps.Independent executive agency is an agency that is created outside the control of the federal official executive department. They are outside the control of the President. These agencies oversee different aspects of governance. They have been created to function independently so as to improve their efficiency and prevent them from being controlled by the

How people fall into debt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How people fall into debt - Essay ExampleIn the contemporary age, the world has experience dangerously materialistic. Success is associated with the achievement and possession of material. Possession of material incurs cost. The more(prenominal) the material, the more successful a person is considered, and the more money gets spent. More often than not, people hightail it to maintain a life standard that is much above what they can afford in their income. as yet if a person does not value material, he is supposed to do that in order to adopt with the norms, trends and traditions of the society. This change in attitude can be attributed to the fact that people tend to associate respect with materialism. A person possessing the latest model of technology of any sort is praised and appreciated. It is this praise that man longs for, then ends up overspending. In addition to being materialistic, people in the present age have function increasingly impatient and intolerant. What mat ters the most is present. Past is gone, and future is unseen. People can not wait to become richer. Therefore, they purchase things or facilities without having resources to compensate for them. Many people acquire loans to construct homes. The most commonly sedulous financial institutions that serve the purpose are banks.

Realism, Liberalism and Marxism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Realism, Liberalism and Marxism - Essay ExampleThis research will begin with the statement that according to the guess of naive pragmatism, self interest is the motivating force behind world administration and hence there exists a competition among various stake holders and parties in the global scenario for safeguarding their self interests. In a society ground on the principles of naive realism, moral values, ideological concerns and social considerations have less importance, whereas the acresal interest and security of the nation is al ways given the prime importance. Realism presents a materialistic approach to the working of things and considers the material benefits the crowning(prenominal) target of all kinds of governmental and social struggles. The theory of realism has given rise to various other theories of international relations, of which power politics is the most widely studied. Power politics derives its basic ideology from realism and extends the safeguard ing of interests of the nation to promoting aggression against other nations. According to political realism, there ar certain rules and laws which govern the political scenario in society and these laws are deeply rooted in the kind nature. therefore the understanding of laws of human nature is imperative for improving the society. Human nature is perhaps the most consistent trait gentleman have because its the same as it was in old civilizations and thus the theory of politics was essential in ancient times. The various aspects of realism are based on ascertainment of facts and their extensive analysis. A alien policy based on the principles of realism is never ambiguous and is clear in the consequences and future scenario which it tends to create. Therefore the policies based on realism do not serve long term objectives. Realism defines interests in terms of power with no questions of moral qualities and cultural or traditional preferences realism presents a very(prenomina l) realistic picture of the global political scenario in which the nations and states which have power do not finagle about the morals and values set by other cultures or the international community as a whole, for them power struggle is the deciding factor in all situations. Therefore the nations should learn to protect their interests by becoming powerful or by siding with the ones who have the power because this is the only way of survival in the world. Realism gives very less importance to moral values and traditions because of the belief that actions are judged by their consequences, therefore an actions which is taken to safeguard the moral values is never justified in realism if it puts the national security at risk. Morals cannot be made a part of the realist theory or international relations because moral values is an extensively relative term with varied interpretations in different societies and cultures therefore religion, moral values, traditions and culture does not and should not have any sort of involvement in the political dealings of a statesman (Stremmel, 2004). The theory of realism traces its history back to ancient Chinese literature and hence it has influenced the global political scenario from the very beginning of human civilization. Sun Tzu, an ancient Chinese scholar in his book the Art of War used realism to defend various contend strategies of that time. Greek historian Thucydides is considered as the father of the theory of realism and he for the first time came up with the concept that might is always right and moral and ethical grounds are never considered in war and international politics. Another ancient scholar who based his teachings and writings on the theory of realism is Chanakya, the teacher of the first emperor of united India, Chandragupta Maurya. It is believed that it was the influence of the teachings of Chanakya which motivated Chandragupta to conquer the various parts of subcontinent and fashion a powerful an d united empire in India. The teachings of Chanakya were based on the concept of power politics and he always convinced Chandragupta that the only way of survival in this world is by prehend immense power and maintaining an aggressive stance against

To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example for Free

To Kill a Mockingbird EssayTo Kill a Mockingbird alludes to Atticuss warning to observatory not to shoot her rifle at mockingbirds because they do nothing to harm people or on that point crops they only if provide lovely music for people to listen to. (p. 119) Without this warning in the story the gentle wouldnt make sense, it would just be an off shot statement oblivious to the surrounding story. The warning is mantic at first glance but looking back one can interpret this as foreshadowing.Atticuss warning is later turned into a metaphor when tom Robinson, an innocent man who picked cotton for connect Deas, is accused of raping a young woman whos house he walked by twice a day. This is where Ms. lee side creates the metaphor in the midst of the mockingbird and Tom Robinson, the crippled African-American man accused of rape. The mockingbird and Tom Robinson have several similarities, they are both innocent, and free of sin, they are both humble and try only to good and it is considered a sin to land a mockingbird and a crippled man.Tom Robinson is a crippled African-American man being used as a scapegoat for a curse that never happened. He was proven innocent by a lawyer accepting of all races, hitherto was jailed by a jury unable to push aside a prejudice and cobblers last a portion of racism in small southern town. As readers we are led to call up that Tom Robinson was an innocent man accused for a crime that he didnt commit, and jailed by a court of intolerance. Tom Robinson was killed as a criminal but died as an innocent man, he did not commit the crime that was pressed upon him, and was wrongfully killed while serving time for his oppression.The title of To Kill a Mockingbird has very little literal connection to the plot, but it carries a great deal of exemplary weight in the appropriate. In this story of innocents destroyed by evil, the mockingbird comes to represent the idea of innocence. Thus, to kill a mockingbird is to destroy i nnocence. Throughout the book, a number of characters (Jem, Tom Robinson, Dill, Boo Radley, Mr. Raymond) can be identified as mockingbirdsinnocents who have been injured or destroyed through contact with evil. This connection between the novels title and its main theme is made explicit several times in the novel after Tom Robinson is shot, Mr.Underwood compares his death to the senseless slaughter of songbirds, and at the end of the book Scout thinks that hurting Boo Radley would be like shootin a mockingbird. Most important, Miss Maudie explains to Scout Mockingbirds wear thint do one thing but . . . sing their hearts out for us. Thats why its a sin to kill a mockingbird. That Jem and Scouts last name is Finch (another persona of small bird) indicates that they are Scout is puzzled by this remark and asks Miss Maudie Atkinson about it. Miss Maudie says that

Marketing Orientation Essay Example for Free

Marketing Orientation EssayThere have been many studies of the term merchandising preference, and its presence within organisations. Marketing orientation is an approach that companies take which centres its activities towards achieving node gaiety by dint of effective merchandising. It is where guests form the basis of an organisations performance and overall success. In order to reach out successful marketplaceing orientation, a caller must organise an effective structure through planning its activities, products and services successfully.This pull up stakes help the company on snap its aims and objectives on the require and requirements of its customers, in order to establish a relationship that leave increase performance and success. Market orientation is the organisation wide development of market intelligence pertaining to customer needs. (Kohli and Jaworski, 1990. p12) Two approaches to merchandise Orientation have been suggested by Avlonitis and Gounaris (1999), focusing on the practices and subtlety that the company adopts. It has been interpreted by Avlonitis and Gounaris (1999) that marketing orientation is either a company attitude or company behaviour. This is whether a company is customer orientated or focuses on a competitive service through marketing orientation. Other authors have similiar thoughts upon these approaches to marketing orientation. Drucker (1954) believes that customers perceive marketing as an activity involving the sinless organisation, rather than being a specific company process. The authors view coincides with the sketch of Avlonitis and Gounaris (1999), as he focuses on the attitude organisations have in repleteing customer needs. The other position to this approach is the significance of a companys culture towards marketing orientated activities.Felton (1959) states It is the attitudes and beliefs of a work force that control the level of orientated activities a company strives to achieve, implyin g the focus is on themselves competing rather than putting the customer first. Trout and Ries (1985) perceive marketing orientation as an effort by companies to increase competitor advantage, rather than satisfy customer needs. Therefore the companys culture is focusing its strategy on competitor orientation in order to achieve success. An organisations performance is a very(prenominal) important aspect of successful marketing orientation.Narver and Slater (1990) state that marketing orientation is based on 3 performance measures, which include customer and competitor orientation, and inter-functional coordination. Introducing effective performance measures can have positive influences on companies, as it helps the companys culture set aims and objectives for a successful approach to marketing orientation. Jobber (2007) also describes the importance of these measures, stating A marketing concept culture that manifests in corporate activities to prepare superior value for customer s. However, specific marketing activities relating to the behaviour of a company have emphasis on managerial control rather than the pictorial culture of the organisation (Ellis, 2004), which relates to the work of Trout and Ries (1985) and their beliefs of companys influencing the importance of competitor orientation over the satisfaction of their customers. Sharp (1991) argues the approach to marketing orientation as described by Drucker (1954), saying that its more than than notwithstanding about customer focus Market orientation has a principle element of focusing on available markets and customer needs.Sharp criticises this view of orientation, as costs of maintaining customer focus will incur in unstable markets, affecting a companies orientation plan. In order to balance this procedure, a company needs equal focus in its approach to marketing orientation, which will help achieve success and efficiency. The link between organisational strategic thinking (Sharp, 1991) and ma nagerial control (Ellis, 2004) helps towards a successful company through competitor orientation. Ellis states that effective performances increase through analysing competitor actions, in order to create a competitor advantage.However, companys still need to be responsive to customer needs collect to volatile markets. Overall increases of a companys orientation, resulting from effective customer satisfaction, will then ladder to greater performances (Kohli and Jaworski, 1990). The relationship between performance and marketing orientation is analysed negatively to strategic marketing. Sin (2005) considers the remote environmental aspects of marketing orientation, emphasising the importance of linking performance and marketing orientation in order to meet the needs of customers.Sin believes that if companies developed their approaches towards linking these two factors, a more in depth examination of customers needs could be undertaken, which would lead to higher performances with in the company. Sin agrees with Sharps views, by describing the inclusion of customer needs as strong as company aims and objectives. A strategic way of thinking is described by Sharp, where marketing orientation is described as being the most relevant, as it focuses on company, and not just market characteristics.The analyses of various journal articles relating to marketing orientation has led me to understand the different issues relating to marketing orientation. I agree with Kohli and Jaworski (1990) that a company should balance its orientation between customer focus and its aims and objectives, for effective performances. The authors were very clear and focused on what strategies were effective in approaching marketing orientation. I felt that this psychoanalysis helped me understand the best method of adopting marketing orientation and how to effectively respond to customer demands, as well as creating a competitive advantage.Limitations to the analysis were discussions fr om Felton (1959) and Trout and Ries (1995). The views of these authors concentrated on companies who adopted marketing orientation to create a competitive advantage as its main priority. The context of this article focused totally on businesses success and shadowed the importance of customer orientation, something which I feel is crucial for overall success.

Agricultural Production in Ancient Civilizations Essay Example for Free

sylvan Production in Ancient Civilizations EssayDuring the period of 500 C. E universal gravitational constant C. E. antiquated civilizations in North and second America and China cultivated and gradually moved from the hunting and gathering lifestyles. These civilizations drifted towards fare collection and indeed farming. This approach, crops and attitudes toward agriculture varied with culture. With the Native Americans and the Ancient Chinese during 500 C. E 1000 C. E. have two differences and similarities towards agricultural production. history 1, tells of a story about how Maria Manuela de Cora (an Inca Author) passes along ancient legends. One that is called Seeds that says that one day the discussion of the sun kills a child that was made by the sun. The son of the sun got scared of the anger of his father and scattered about the world the pieces of his murdered brother. It tells that his body move like his teeth grew corn. This would be a story about the cr eation of corn, why it was there and how.However, written history 7 talks of an Ancient Chinese Legend. This talks more about that fact that if you took the weeds you could prey the farmers crops. With each story tells something to do with farming. How that one, thing is made or how to make their crops better. Document 5, is a diagram of a hunting word picture and peasants working in a field in Ancient China. This illustration gave a reason for historians to track the development of tool- and weapon making in giving medication in agrarian and artisan production as well as the leisure activities of officials and the landed elites. With document 3 talks about Mesoamerican origins. Historians talk about that current archaeological evidence cannot molecule a single location where Indian agriculture began or determine precisely why the Indians became agriculturists.They did though have records that suggested that the cultivation and domestication of plants. With the painting and the records gave historians a better view of each hunting scene and peasants working in fields. During the period of 500 C. E 1000 C. E. ancient civilizations in North and South America and China cultivated and gradually moved from the hunting and gathering lifestyles. These civilizations drifted towards food collection and then farming. With this approach, crops and attitudes toward agriculture varied with culture. With the Native Americans and the Ancient Chinese during 500 C. E 1000 C. E. have both differences and similarities towards agricultural production. Showing that China was more into the facts then stories like Mesoamerica to explain the reasoning of agricultural in both of China and Native Americans.

Canon Business Analysis Essay Example for Free

enactment Business Analysis analyzeIn 1925, a German camera maker named Oskar Barnack, arrested a naked, ground-breaking camera called the Leica. It was not until 1933 that a caller-up responded to the success of Barnacks creation and produced their own 35 millimeter version of his innovative design. indeed was born the legislation Company. By the 1950s, ordinance attained the title of leading producer of cameras in Japan. Since that time, Canon has made it a point to expand and diversify their company as much as possible.They atomic number 18 able to accomplish this primarily through a strong Research and Development program. Through this program, Canon has explored many different technologies much(prenominal) as home electronics and x-ray technology. One of the first crossing areas they explored was in the electronic calculator segment. Due to the complex nature of the technology, Canons engineers were forced to adapt and develop the intricate micro-electric process ors that were being used. They were very successful in doing this.In late 1964, nonpareil year after their research started, Canon engineers presented top management with the finished harvest-feast, the Canola 130. This product became the worlds first 10-key numerical pad calculator. However, Canon has not always succeeded in their endeavors. With every triumph comes a failure. One such instance was a printing device that utilized magnetic material that would coat the musical theme. They called this the Synchroreader. Although it was touted for its use of technology, the application, it was not patented. Anformer(a) company took the design, improved it, and made it more affordable.Canon learned its lesson after that instance. Body In 1961, a new technology was developed by the Xerox Corporation. In the following years, with the success of their poseur 914 office copier, Xerox would enjoy a reported ninety three percent market dowery world wide. Xerox also had the advantage in that they held approximately five hundred patents. This tactic prevented other companies from intruding on their Plain Paper Copier (PPC) technology. Canon entered the market late in the 1960s and was looked at with a skeptical eye.They were the camera company from Japan (Mintzberg, et al 2003, p. 75) and were not looked at as serious contenders in the photocopy market. Due to the PPC market being cornered by Xerox and their legion(predicate) patents, Canon instead moved into the cover Paper Copying (CPC) market. This technology transfers the reflection of the original range directly to the special zinc oxide coated paper. This is in direct contrast from the PPC technology which uses regular paper and indirectly transfers the image using a rotating drum and charged particles.A similar technology is lifelessness being used in fax and photocopiers today. In 1962, while still in the inferior Coated Paper Copying and selling under a separate name, the squeeze Management of Canon challenged their engineers to develop a PPC process that would not infringe upon the patents held by Xerox. The engineers answered with the New Process in 1968 and became the first copier to carry the Canon name. Two years later the research came to fruition when the NP1100 was released in Japan. This model utilized dry toner and copied at a whopping rate of ten pages per minute.This, of course, is slow by todays standards. Canon had finally broken into the PPC market. Riding on the success of this new technology, Canon released the NPL7 in 1972, merchandise it exclusively to Japanese companies. This model contained several noticeable improvements over the first generation NP1100. Most notably is that the model was More economical, more compact, more reliable, while still keeping the same quality of copy. (Mintzberg, et al 2003, p. 77) Canons Top Management began looking for alternative markets for the Plain Paper Copier in the latter half of the 1970s.The blue office market was identified as Canons neighboring target market. They devised a plan to accommodate this market by producing a photocopier, using PPC technology, and offering it to small businesses that did not require the large volume, high speed machines that were currently being offered on the market. The concept itself had the strength to change the market by decentralizing the office photocopier. Prior to this innovation, the photocopier in large offices were centralized to one corner of the office, primarily due to its mammoth size.In 1979, Canons concept became a sound reality. They were able to produce a photocopier that not only met and exceeded the cost and reliability targets that were set by Top Management, but in a more practical application, it was able to reduce the need for constant and revenant copier maintenance. Based upon previous experience with patent law, Canon employed the use those laws to protect their new found development. Through the years, Canon has demonstrated sev eral core competencies that have enabled them to propel themselves to the top of the market. first-class honours degree and foremost, Canon has employed a pool of extremely talented engineers who made up Canons Research and Development team. Through their research, Canon was able to uncover new and innovative products. This varied product line, which included cameras, calculators, and photocopiers, demonstrates Canons diversified product line. This divers(prenominal) line of merchandise is integral to the companys survival and has enabled Canon to take a multifaceted approach to technological competition. The more diverse type of products that are offered, the more chances there are for success.This has not always worked out in Canons favor however. An example of this would be in the development of the synchroreader. Although the technology was much more modernistic than what was on the market, poor marketing decisions and an ignorance of United States patent laws cost Canon that share of the market. Since that time, Canon has interpreted a step by step approach to their marketing strategies. This is especially apparent with the development and marketing of the NP110 copier. They began by distributing the unit in Japan only in a direct sales format.In doing so a company opens themselves up to the threat of collapse due to spreading themselves too thin. Secondly, we coffin nail surmise that an isolated marketing strategy, such as the one that Canon employed when marketing their copier to local Japanese dealers first, will be more effective in the long run. By distributing the product locally at first you can focus on close to home customers rather than crossways seas customers. Finally, a truly cost effective manufacturing process can be more beneficial at times than the products that come off the assembly lines themselves.

Notes on Religious Views on Life After Death Essay Example for Free

Notes on Religious Views on look After Death EssayQuestion is What atomic number 18 we made of and what survives later death of the tree trunk. If anything survives how much of the professional identity of that person survives and in what form? People try to answer this byBelieving in a superior being who has communicated a insure Gathering data somewhat LAD come near death experiences, past conduct storyspan memories that suggest reincarnation, the para-normal Accepting no manner after death we be matter and return to matter and become part of the wider world again Exploring ideas about the nature of torso and thoughtSome Christians believe death is the event that makes sense of our previous lives and the meaning of death itself is changed in the promise of eternal life. John Hick, it should not evoke the sickening fear with which we face what we know to be evil It is a fuller stage in the outworking of the Creators loving purpose for his children.SOURCES Reve aled Knowledge The Bible, Quran, Torah etc which tell us of the events others study experienced and what they claim and to those who accept them as revealed knowledge this gives certainty. Christians believe that Jesus was and is divinity fudge Incarnate, so if he promises eternal life to his followers, he must be trusted. Similarly Muslims trust the Prophet Mohammed as Allahs chosen messenger and as he has spoken of paradise, then there must be such a issue. Inferential Knowledge Reasoning that the ideas expressed explain so much that they must be true even if theres no proof = a belief. Hindus do not have any promise in scripture, unless they trust their God loves them and so will e god to them upon death.In incomplete case is there absolute proof the believer trusts that it is true.Religious views Christian Old Testament better and bad alike to go to Sheol as ghostlike individuals Job 14.7-12 Theres hope is a tree is piece down as buds whoremonger grow from the tru nk only man lies down and does not show again. notwithstanding he also believes that if he has a personal relationship with God which is beyond the trials of this life he will be with God at the end.New Testament the crucifixion and resurrection of Christ is at the heart of the belief in LAD,. Jesuss promise to the good thief crucified with him This day you will be with me in paradise only appears in the Gospel of Luke indicates that he believes in the possibility of paradise for the righteous and the repentant. However the translation of paradise could also refer to a pleasant place. Jesus referred to heaven as the place where God lived Our Father which art in heavenBook of Revelations contains visions of Saints whose bloody robes have been washed weak in the blood of the lamb (Christ) in a heavenly city, the new Jerusalem. It is clear there is a heaven after death, which is separate from the last judgment, also known as the second coming, which will demote at the end of tim e.The term eschatalogical gap refers to the gap between whats in the bible and the precise elaborate of the afterlife Purgatory Roman Catholics only people have to atvirtuoso for sin before they can compute heaven no scriptural evidence for this idea Limbo not in current use, but Catholics used to believe the unbaptised or good people whod never heard of Jesus would go here. Protestants believed such people would go straight to hell as God would have called those to be saved. angiotensin converting enzyme reference in Peters letters The spirits who ar in prison Reincarnation some Christians have accepted this in the past but not currently in use.Catholics in particular comfort appearances by Mary (Lourdes, Fatima etc) and other saints after their death as confirming an after life.Quakers religious body without creeds and so base beliefs on experience, life experience varies and therefore so do views on LAD. ternary main views bit these are not fixed, all beliefs are pe rsonal. 1. The good we have done (and perhaps the evil) lives on after we have gone in the lives of those affected this might be as memories or as the impact of deeds 2. Survival of the Human Spirit as a continuation of this life in a spiritual body (St Pauls term). Some also believe in reincarnation 3. espousal of heaven and hell as destinations after death but belief in a sweet God and redemption by means of Christ means hell cannot be eternal Personal conclusions about LAD are based on individual experiences of the Love of God in this life in spite of the experience of suffering.Therevada Buddists Nirvana achieved in this life, without substrate and so continuing to live in embodied form is described as a set of qualities in The Questions of King Milinda. He asks Nagasena whether he can compare it to anything in this world to help him understand. Nagasena says it cant be compared to anything, but its qualities can. E.g As a white lotus is unsustained by water, so Nirvana i s unsustained by all the defilementsIslam God has a plan for the on the whole universe of discourse and all human beings At the day of judgement to whole universe will be destroyed and the dead raised to stand before him That day will be the beginning of an unending life on which every individual will be judged and rewarded by God according to their deeds. The Quran argues that life after death is vital of make sense of morality. If there is no afterlife then a belief in God is irrelevant.Hindus believe in certain heavenly states, notably Goloka, Krishnas heaven for devotees, but there is little justification in scripture. Hindus believe as a God loves his people he must be good to them when they die.The Resurrection of the Body Key Christian belief is that the individual survives as an individual. excessively that the individual is judged as a individual Jesuss resurrection and ascension is the model we will follow as he was sent to show us the way, the truth and the light.. Th e Apostles and Nicene Creed both affirm belief in the resurrection of the dead and the life of the world to come Tey also refer to the communion of saints which refers to the Church as one body uniting those in heaven and those on earth. The point of the Creed is to reinforce belief in the face of challengesChristians believe that man can be saved as a whole, body and soul man can glorify God through his body as he is made in the image of God, the body can become a sacrifice to God and also a home base place of the Holy Spirit, (Corinthians 6.19-20,Do you not know that your bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you have received from God?). Also Christ at the Last Supper gave his Body and Blood as a means of salvation, so the human body is important On the same day as jesuss resurrection Matthews gospel reports dead prophets move up from their graves indicating a bodily resurrection.Paul speaks of us dying and rising with Christ in Baptism as a spiritual expe rience (Romans 6.5-11) but he is clear that the body will be resurrected after death however in 1 Corinthians 15-50 he also says flesh and blood cannot inherit the body politic of God. Irenaeus and Tertullian both interpret this to mean that flesh is resurrected for judgment and that the Spirit must be present in the flesh to enter heaven. The Creed also affirms belief in the Holy Spirit.1 Corinthains 15.35-50 Paul is asked How are the dead raised? He uses the analogy of a seed and a bulb to show that something on the whole different can arise from a source. At h time there was a ordinarily held belief that the flesh would be resurrected the corpse Paul tried to make it clear that the body refers to the whole personality and person, both inner and outer. Through Adam we are part of the physical sphere and through Christ we are part of the spiritual sphere Christ was man and God together we are physical body and spiritual body together. Paul does not describe the spiritual bod y.

United States as an Imperialist and Expansionist Nation Essay Example for Free

coupled States as an Imperialist and Expansionist Nation EssayImperialism is the influential involution of a countrys power through territorial invasion creating a financial and governmental control of other countries. Imperialism is used to refer to the period of 1880 to 1918 wherein the developed countries look for new territories to dwell in, creating their dictation to the African and Asian countries so that they will have the most useful location. The unify States pursue an rough policy of expansionism during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to expand the nations political and scotch influence worldwide. The United States general public observed the first expansion attempts as a direction to help other nations for a righteous reason but as it goes by they changed their mind and viewed the United States as an imperialist nation. Manifest Destiny was created in 1845 to somewhat justify American expansionism. United States would comfort be the sole str ong power even offtide without expansion but it was Americas inclination to reign supreme above others. In 1860s when American Imperialism was isolated, it affected the affairs of other gloomy countries but it had no effect whatsoever to the Great Powers which the United States has not fully reached.Initially the United States wanted expansion to be able to compete with the European markets. In The pluralitys write up of the United States, Howard Zinn commented about the demand of expansion Appleman Williams has described in The Roots of the Modern American pudding stone that there were need for expansion by many commercial farmers. Populist Congressman Jerry Simpson of Kansas told Congress in 1892 that with a vast agricultural excess, farmers must of necessity search for foreign market.True, he was not name for violence or invasion but once foreign markets were seen as significant to success, expansionist procedure, even war might be appealing. The period of Imperialism beg an when United States helped Cuba to drive away the Spaniards and helped the Cuban gain their independence. The Americans indeed had a navy base in Cuba and they wanted to help the Philippines next but instead of large them independence they build their own empire. The American people come to realized and viewed their nation as an approaching imperialist nation because prior to the Spanish American War, the American military did not subsist.The national individuation of the people of America changed significantly since they were able to show to the whole world that they can survive even without the help of Great Britain. The Manifest Destiny was created to rationalize to the citizens the expansion that was happening. The United States expansion enabled them to be rivalrous to the European market but later on the expansion became more of imperialism like what happened in the persona of the Philippines.By becoming an imperialist nation, the United States has to build their milita ry from scratch and the people who object their expansion was viewed as unpatriotic by the government. The United States without expansionism would be just like one of the numerous nations that is unqualified in absorbing millions of immigrants, without the ability of protecting itself against great nations and without the capacity of spreading and preserving its culture worldwide.Work CitedZinn, Howard. The Peoples History of the United States. New York Harper Collins Publisher, 1999.

Unemployment and Labor in the Republic of Moldova Essay Example for Free

Un battle and Labor in the country of Moldova EssayThere are a lot of problems created by the unemployment as poverty, migration, human traffic, and crime and eclipse economy. Of course, unemployment is a permanent phenomenon in any economy, because frictional and structural unemployment exists every time and doesnt force unemployment commit to be equal to zero, and in this essay Id like to offer the digest of the specific of unemployment and labour forces in republic of Moldova. Firstly, I propose to analyze the unemployment sum up, activity rate and employment rate. Secondly, to describe any characteristics of labour forces in my country. And after that to analyze data approximately the migrant take formers, who work or sounding for a job abroad.In general my goal is to demonstrate the evolution of unemployment and roil and to determine any problems, which the national economy met during the years after the Soviet Union. First of all I want to phone line that the definition of unemployment according to International Labor Organization (ILO) has been used in Republic of Moldova only from 1998, sooner that year the unemployment was equal to the arrive of official registries unemployed population. It makes impossible to compare the unemployment before 1998 and unemployment after this year. Table 1 Unemployment rate, Activity rate and Employment rate informant internal actors assistant of Statistics of the Republic of MoldovaTrend line on the Graph 1 shows us that in general unemployment rate decreases, but at the same time activity rate (Graph 2) and employment rate (Graph 3) decreases too. It means that reckon of population, who are working in the national economy, was decreasing during the period from 1998 to 2010 years. Also its cardinal to note that the number of economically active citizenry has reduced from 1809 potassium people to 1235 gigabyte people and its 547 thousand people, it equal to 16% of average total population in t hat period of time and the number of people employed in the economy reduced from 1642 thousand people in 1998 to 1143 thousand people in 2010 and its 499 thousand people, but the total population has reduced on 89 thousand people.It means that the heaviness of economically active and employed population in the national economy in total population reduced. I think that the resolvent of that problem is an attraction of international investments or immersion in the market of international companies which are able to organize modern management and improve the conflict of national goods and services. The RM has the positive experience of this kind of col comprehendation. For example Draexlmaier Automotive created 3000 of the new jobs in one of the let go economic zones.Graph 1 Unemployment rate beginning National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova Graph 2 Activity rateSource National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of MoldovaGraph 3 Employment rateSource National B ureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova Graph 4 Employment population by occupationsSource National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova Graph 5 Employment population by areas of the economySource National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of MoldovaThe Graph 4 shows us that the weight of skilled agricultural and piscary workers reduced. Analyzing the Graph 5 it is possible to make a conclusion that the weight of people who work in agriculture area was reducing too in the stick up 13 years. Also its important to note that the weight of the people who work in Industry and Construction areas is not high, but the weight of people who work in Services area was change magnitude during last years. In my opinion this curve means that Moldavian commodities are not competitive. Another argument of this statement is that the weight of services in building of GDP was increasing during last years as it is shown in Graph 6.Graph 6 structure of GDPSource National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of MoldovaAnother important characteristic of labor is the level of grooming. As it is possible to see in Graph 7 the weight of workers who has higher education was increasing from 11.9% to 23% or from 181 thousand people to 263 thousand people. I think it is positive trend, which shows the development of labor during last years. Graph 7 Employed population by the level of educationSource National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of MoldovaIn the end Id like to demonstrate data about the migrants workers, economically active people who leave their own families in Moldova and go for looking at for a job abroad. According to official data there are more than 300 thousand people from the RM, but according to another data there are one million of Moldavians workers in foreign countries. The main part of migrant workers from the RM prefers to work in the Russian Federation and Italy as it shown in the Table 2. Table 2 Population aged 15 years and over , working or looking for work abroadSource National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova Table 3 Cash transfers from migrant workersAccording to the balance of payments cash transfers from the migrant workers were more than $ 1 billion in 2008. Other data are shown in the Table 3. This money flow is the valuable injection in the national economy. adept of the biggest problems is the reducing of the employed population on approximately one half of a million of people, fairish those who has found a job in the national economy in general works in services area, because Moldavian commodities arent competitive on foreign and sometimes domestic markets. Lots of people, who havent found a job which could satisfy their needs and wants, travel in foreign countries looking for a job, after that they make cash transfers which are very important injection in the national economy. In my opinion labor in the Republic of Moldova is developing, about it says that the weight of employed population who has higher education was increased, at the same time the fact that activity rate and employment rate were falling during last years and it may create dangerous effects on economy as a whole. The solution of this problem is to put efforts to attract foreign investments.

Evaluating Reading Informally Essay Example for Free

Evaluating Reading In musket ballly EssayInformal improvementes to the paygrade of literacy have developed in response to the demands for greater account might and the influence of national, standardized testing. The strength of snug approaches to military rank is that it provides immediate feedback to both the scholarly person and the teacher. The teacher can use a set of sound judgement tools to measure student culture while the student can receive specific guidance on what to do to improve her/his indicateing skills.This essay will explore four informal approaches to reading sagacity teacher observation, teacher-student conventions, workbooks and worksheets and reading portfolios. The first approach, teacher observation, is multi-faceted. It builds on the daily interaction between teacher and students. The inclination of the observation is diagnosis. Teachers place students in appropriate materials assess readiness for a given task memorize reading interest, asse ss attitudes and make decisions about decoding, comprehension, and study skills (Pikulski and Shanahan, 1982, p.2). Although McKenna and Stahl (2003) would agree with Pikulski and Shanahan (1982) about the importance of teacher observation, they would dissent about the purpose. McKenna and Stahl (2003) refer to the process of diagnosis as The Deficit homunculus (p. 2) and what emerges from such a manakin is terms like remediation and remedial reader (p. 2). Instead McKenna and Stahl (2003) prefer A Cognitive Model (p. 8) where the teacher observes the capacity of students for automatic word recognition (p. 10), language comprehension (p. 15), and strategic knowledge (p.19). taking automatic word recognition as one example of how teachers apply their observation skills, teachers examine students abilities to look for or judge the appropriateness of a word in a given context, the fluency with which students read aloud passages in class, how quickly and accurately students recogni ze the most common words in the face language, whether students can use their language skills to decode new, unfamiliar words, and whether students go through the sounds associated with letters and words, not just the contexts.The reciprocal ohm informal assessment technique, teacher-student conference, provides an opportunity for the teacher to assess student perceptions of their own progress. Rather than using the conference like a teacher-p atomic number 18nt conference where the parents receive updates on the childs progress, the teacher-student conference provides an opportunity for teachers to understand a students reading interests, attitudes towards reading, and the meaning-making strategies a student uses in the process of reading discordant kinds of materials (Pikulski and Shanahan, 1982, p. 3).Caldwell (2002) identifies three purposes of reading assessment identify good reader behaviors, determine student reading level, and chronicle student progress (p. 5). Some of what Caldwell (2002) identifies as good reading behaviors can be gauged during teacher-student conferences, especially in how each individual student makes meaning from any given text. Some of Caldwells (2002) reader behaviors are to connect what they know with the information in the text, determine what is important in the text, recognize the structure of the text, and re-start and reorganize ideas in the text (p.8). Standardized tests do not allow students to use their personal backgrounds in interpretive reading, nor does it allow for exploring to a greater extent than one important idea (the main idea) in a text. By using teacher-student conferences in a track that all students can express themselves, teachers create a lieu for increased learning. This idea touches on what McKenna and Stahl (2003) call The Contextual Approach, one distinct from a learning look model (p. 3).The third informal reading assessment, workbooks and worksheets, enable teachers to focus on individual students and their needs in practicing a specific skill (Pikulski and Shanahan, 1982, p. 8). The numerous workbooks on the market and worksheets on the internet make this approach a relative quick and time-saving way to assess student learning. None of the informal instructional methods should be used alone and this particular assessment method highlights the danger of approaching one method as a singular way to help students improve their reading skills.Reading instructors want students to not and improve their facility with recognizing and constructing words, sentences, and paragraphs, we also want students to make inferences, ask questions about the implications of a particular way of thinking, and synthesize multiple sources of information on an issue (Caldwell, 2002, p. 8). The ability to perform these latter tasks is consistent with what McKenna and Stahl (2003) divulge as strategic reading knowledge (p. 19). Finally, the fourth assessment technique, reading portfolios, ena ble students to develop an informed perspective about their own reading and writing.Documenting student progress is one of the three reasons for assessing reading (Caldwell, 2002, p. 11). The eudaimonia of this approach as an informal technique is that is shows the student the specific kind of improvement made in any given area. Unlike standardized tests, which compare students to a national norm or a cutoff score (Caldwell, 2002, p. 12-13), records of student progress assess a students learning in the area of reading over time. It also provides feedback to the instructor about teaching strengths and weaknesses.Specifically, reading portfolios help the student keep track of books read, favorite stories, scores on workbooks/worksheets, or progress in various learning centers (Pikulski and Shanahan, 1982, p. 8). In summarizing the value of informal reading assessments, Caldwell (2002) states it very succinctly when she says, informal instruments are authentic than formal measures. T hey are similar to the actual task of reading. Reading a passage and retelling its contents are more authentic than reading a short paragraph and answering multiple-choice questions by filling in little bubbles on a scan sheet (p.13). The word authentic refers to an assessments ability to measure reading. Caldwell (2002) describes the value of informal assessment tools in their ability to mimic the reading process. Informal assessment techniques return control of the learning process to the teachers and students who interact on a daily basis inside a classroom. In many ways, they are more important than formal reading assessments because they provide qualitative feedback.ReferencesCaldwell, J. S. (2002). Reading assessment A primer for teachers and tutors. New York The Guilford Press. Johns, J. L. (1982).The dimensions and uses of informal reading assessment. In J. J. Pikulski and T. Shanahan (Eds. ), Approaches to the informal evaluation of reading. (pp. 1-11). Newark, DE Internati onal Reading Association. McKenna, M. C. , and Stahl, S. A. (2003).Assessment for reading instruction. New York The Guilford Press. Tierney, R. J. (1991). Portfolio assessment in the reading-writing classroom. Norwood, MA Christopher-Gordon Publishers. 9 November 2008. http//library. gcu. edu. Yancey, K. B. (1989). look in the writing classroom. Logan, UT Utah University Press. 9 November 2008. http//library. gcu. edu.

What matters most to you, and why Essay Example for Free

What matters nigh to you, and why EssayCreating is what matters most to me developing new ideas, moving a network to reach a goal, and implementing and supporting them for the long term. The search for happiness has always been my main objective, firearm pursuing entrepreneurial projects has been my principal activity, and at the same time satisfies me. All through reveal my life, I gift found myself constantly seeking and developing new projects in the most different contexts from finding a broadband company in the North East of Italy to writing a script to express my views on life and humanity and from restructuring an Investment Banking standard to re perspectiveing a vino brand. Since childhood, I was exposed to the capabilities of mens result to create the opportunity to see throughout the members of one own family, including the nurture of a village in Mexico, Costa Careyes, and the improvements to Genoas main infrastructures, with the inclusion of creating new muse ums and art galleries across Europe. Viewing these and other enterprises made me apprehend how an entrepreneurial project can positively impact both the person engaging in these projects and its surround community.Today, I strongly believe in the contribution to society delivered from new ideas and from fulfilling the experience of addressing much(prenominal) into successful enterprises. Two of the projects from which I have gathered greater satisfaction have been the creation of Iccom and the development of the wine fair, Vino a Corte. Over time, I have developed a strong spell for technology as a way to positively redefine the peoples approach of day to day issues by using often low initial capital. This fascination led me to create a company, the Iccom (www. iccom. t), offering broadband connectivity via microwave and free space optics.In June 2007, I prepared some materials for an IPO meeting with the Wi-Max Company. As a former computer engineering student, I had a particul ar interest in the theater and have researched the advances in this technology in Italy. I found out that the space was mute under the weather covered despite the need for such technology in north-east of Italy, where there are umteen companies with remote locations that are not reached by fiber optic cables. It seemed like an exciting niche to explore, so I started looking for partners who engaged in such project.I got in touch with one of those implicated in my project, Nicola, a Ph. D. researcher from Politecnico, Torino through an alumnus of my university. Together, we approached the major entrepreneurial families in the Piedmont field of battle. We found out that the owner of the facility management company, Manital, was interested in investing in our initiative. I considered that such a founding structure would enable Iccom to leverage off the diverse background of each one of us, correct myself, with a strong national and international network.We had strong technical expertise through Nicola, and there was the owner of Manital, Federico, who had the local expertise and network. In August, all our hard work paid off for we officially founded the company. The very(prenominal) light and scalable structure we created had the possibility of doing most of the work in-house because of the enthusiasm of the interns and the Politecnico, Torinos facilities. These should enable Iccom to position itself as a high impact company in the Piedmont business community.Another fulfilling experience that had a key role in forming my view, occurred while volunteering for the organization of the fair, Vino a Corte in the Spring of 2005. Mondo, a non-profit organization, supported by the Province of Alessandria (Italy), organizes a fair every year to promote small and strong point wine producers in the province. At the time, I was in charge of taking care of the Castello di Gabiano wine and was asked to lead the logistic aspects of the event. My work lasted for abou t two months.The work focused on the contacting of wine producers in the area to obtain their availability, including the search for a location and the set-up coordination. The fair was held in May, and turned out to be a great success. The strong press coverage, the quality of the 30 wine producers participating, and having the location in a secluded garden of a medieval castle, led 10,000 visitors to attend the two day event. Overall, the fair enabled small wine producers with low possibilities, to market their wine and gain a valuable visibility.From the feedback I have received, this visibility is still supporting their business as of today. These and other successful and unsuccessful experiences have made me experience firsthand the social benefits of creating, both in a business context than and in a personal note. What matters most to me is the intimate joy obtained while giving birth to a new idea, the commitment and the passion that I have embodied to them, and most especi ally, the satisfaction of seeing them effectively deployed.

Group Counselling Essay Example for Free

Group Counselling EssayIn an effective functioning group, the members atomic number 18 striving to keep what they are learning in a sitting into their everyday lives. They do this by readyulating plans to practice in the midst of seances, by making a commitment to do provision assignments and by practicing a variety of cutting behaviors outside of the group. Perhaps the two most important phases of a group are its beginning and its end. The beginning because that is where the tone of the group is set the end because that is where learning is consolidated and action plans are typically formulated. (pg 164) in that respect are about tasks to be carried out during the close academic term ( final result a group)* Members are encouraged to muster out any simple(a) businesses they may have with other group members or the leader. * Members are taught how to carry with them what theyve erudite and esp. how to talk to signifi orduret flock in their lives. * Members are a ssisted in making special(prenominal) plans for form and in taking concrete steps to put the lessons learnt into effect in their daily lives. * Leaders dish out members discover ways of creating their own support systems after they leave the group. * Specific plans for follow-up and evaluation are made.NB. The more behavioral approaches like transactional analysis, behavioral group therapy, RE behavior therapy and reality therapy place original emphasis on the above mentioned tasks. This owing to the belief that, members ought to consolidate their learning, practice homework assignments and develop a specific action plan, if they expect to puzzle out significant changes in their lives.BodyTime is limited in a group counseling session. The leader therefore, constantly remains aware of that and teaches participants how to best use the age available to them. Leaders also need to train members on how to pace themselves so that they do non wait until the end of the session to in troduce work that cannot be addressed in the short magazine remaining.Good Practice to Carry Out When Ending a SessionI. Asking Members to Sum up The leader may allow about 10min at the end of a session for members to summarize what the session has meant to them individually. Some questions that may be asked to help members consolidate their learning include a) Could you briefly summarize what the session has meant for you? b) What steps towards your goal are you spontaneous to take between now and our next session to make changes in your life? c) Was there anything unfinished for you today that you would like to continue in our next confrontation? d) What was the most important thing that you experienced during this meeting? e) What touched you most in other peoples work today?f) What did you learn about yourself? g) Did you get what you wanted from this session? (what in specific?) Questions like these assist members in identifying specific behaviors they must want to change, bo th in the group and in daily life. They also reinforce their commitment to make changes.II. Dealing with Unfinished Work In the fact that nearly work in a session isnt going to be finished before the group ends, the leader can help bring a sense of closure simply by acknowledging those incomplete explorations or feelings that are left unspoken. This he can do by simply asking the client to differ the discussion until the next session. For example, Since were running out of time today, would you be spontaneous to reflect on it a bit between now and the next meeting, maybe do some writing, and bring it up again then Activity during this time PsychodramaThere is a procedure for closing a group session in Psychodrama that increases the chances that members will be able to identify and deal with unfinished business. Psychodrama emphasizes allowing enough time for the sharing and discussion phase for each session. Sharing which comes first, consists of nonjudgmental statements about oneself. thusly after the personal sharing, time is allotted for a discussion of the group process. Members who have engaged in a role-playing enactment are invited to share their reactions to those roles. Others are asked to tell members who participated in a psychodrama enactment how they were personally affected by the work and what they learned from it.III. Arrange Homework AssignmentsHaving members announce Homework assignments or some means of carrying further the work they have done in a session, and then report on the same, at the beginning of the next session is a closing technique it also links the ending session to the next. Homework can be deviced by members themselves or the leader. Keeping in line with behavioral approach, it is important for leaders to teach members that the crucial change is the one that takes place in the real world. And this is where homework comes in handy. The main point is that insight alone rarely results in behavioral change. Insight neces sitate to be translated into action for change to occur premise of the Adlerian Perspective.pg. 168.IV. Making Your Own Comments and AssesmentsLeaders may form a practice of giving their reactions, a group process commentary or a compend of the meeting towards the end of the session. Leaders might comment on* The cohesion of the group* The leg to which members freely brought up topics for work * The willingness to take risks and talk about unsafe topics * The degree to which they interacted with one another (as unconnected to speaking only directly to and through the leader) * Their willingness to discuss difficult concernsLeaders might use pen up notes about each session during the week and use those comments at the beginning of the next session as a catalyst for linking the sessions Another way to close session is to set apart the at last 5min for members to fill out brief rating/assessment sheets. The ratings can be tallied in a few minutes and the results presented at the beginning of the next session. A rating scale of 1-5 can be used. Questions that can be asked includea) To what degree were you involved in this session? b) To what degree were you willing to take risks in the group? c) To what degree did you trust other members in the group? d) To what degree has todays session stimulated you to deal about your problems, your life situation, or possible decisions you might want to make? e) To what degree were you willing to share what you were feeling and thinking in the session today? f) To what extent are you willing to actively practice some new behavior this week? g) To what degree did you prepare yourself or think about this session before you came today? h) To what degree are you willing to non-defensively take the feedback you receive and canvas it carefully? i) To what degree did you see the group as productive today?

Change Detection Techniques of Remote Sensing Imageries

variety Detection Techniques of Remote Sensing Imageries1.1 Introduction all over the past years, academics demand suggested enormous accounts of replace undercover work techniques of contrasted sensing ii-base hitries and classified them from a diametrical point of views 28. These techniques depend on the assumption of spatial independence among pixels. This assumption is valid moreover for low, specialty and high- contract ranges but insufficient for VHR images 1. This chapter presents the concept, capital punishment, and discernment of seven switch over perception techniques using low, medium and high-resolution ORSI. The rest of this chapter is organized into eight pieces. member 3.2 presents a brief description of the study surface celestial orbits. separate 3.3 describes the data roundab show up characteristics of the study atomic number 18as (Sharm El-Sheikh urban center and Mahalla al-kubra city Egypt). Section 3.4 presents the pre-processing performe d on the image dataset before qualifying maculation process. Section 3.5 pass ons the accuracy assessment measures use for evaluation of the vary detective work process. Section 3.6 illustrates the concepts of the selected seven wobble detection techniques. These techniques atomic number 18 post-classification, direct multi-date classification (DMDC), image differencing (ID), image rationing (IR), image symmetric relative passing (ISRD), transport transmitter analysis ( accident), and star character differencing (PCD). Section 3.7 presents the experimental work. It explains the Implementation and accuracy assessment of applying the selected spay detection techniques on an image dataset of Sharm El-Sheikh city- Egypt. Section 3.8 presents the application of post-classification change detection technique on an image dataset of El-Mahalla El-kubra City-Egypt to detect the urban expansion over the agricultural ara through the period from 2010 to 2015. Finally, segment 3. 9 gives the chapter summary.1.2 The study beasIn this chapter, two study subject fields are selected for the application of the selected change detection techniques. The commencement ceremony area is a part of Sharm el-Sheikh city. It is located on the southern basisfill of the Sinai Peninsula, in the South Sinai Governorate, Egypt, on the coastal halt along the Red Sea as shown in ascertain (3.1).Its population is approximately 73,000 as of 2015 62. Sharm El Sheikh is the administrative hub of Egypts South Sinai Governorate, which includes the smaller coastal towns of Dahab and Nuweiba as well as the mountainous interior, St. Catherine and get up Sinai. Today the city is a holiday resort and signifi nookyt center for tourism in Egypt. The selected area is about 12.5 Km2.The second study area is a colonization belongs to El Mahalla El Kubra city. El Mahalla El Kubra is a large industrial and agricultural city in Egypt, located in the middle of the Nile Delta on the western b ank of the Damietta Branch tributary, as shown in figure (3.2). The city is known for its textile industry. It is the largest city of the Gharbia Governorate and the second largest in the Nile Delta 63. The selected area is about 38 Km2.1.3 Images datasets of the study areasIn this chapter, two datasets are utilise. The offset of all dataset consists of two images of Sham el-Sheikh city acquired by Landsat 7 at 2000 and 2010 respectively as shown in figure (3.3). Area of the image lies amid Lat. 28 0 37.0091 N, Lon. 34 17 56.3381 E and Lat. 27 57 20.8804 N, Lon. 34 24 43.6080 E. Table (3.1) summarizes the characteristic of these images.Table (3.1 ) Characteristic of Sham el-Sheikh datasetNoSpatial resolutionRadiometric resolutionNumber of bands accomplishment dateSize pixelsArea km2WidthHeight130 m8 bits3200038236412.5143230 m8 bits3201038236412.5143(a)(b)Fig (3.3 ) Dataset of Sharm el-Sheikh city- Egypt acquired by Landsat 7 at (a) image acquired at 2000 and the (b) image acqui red at 2010.Figure (3.4) illustrates the second dataset of a village belongs to EL Mahalla al-Kubra city in Egypt. It consists of two images acquired in 2010 and 2015. It is taken by El-Shayal Smart web online software system that could acquire Satellite images from Google Earth. The image area lies between Lat. 30 57 46.9032 N, Lon. 31 14 35.4776E and Lat. 30 54 47.00 N, Lon. 31 18 19.98. Table (3.2) summarizes the characteristic of this dataset.(a)(b)Fig ( 3.4 ) Dataset of EL mahalla al-kubra city- Egypt ( Google Earth) (a) image acquired at 2010 and (b) image acquired at 2015.Table (3.2 ) Characteristic of EL mahalla al-kubra datasetNoSpatial resolutionRadiometric resolutionNumber of bandsAcquisition dateSize pixelsArea km2WidthHeight16 m8 bits320101056100738.282126 m8 bits320151056100738.28211.4 Image Pre-processing for Change DetectionBefore change detection process, it is usually needed to carry out the radiometric study and image adaptation for the dataset used 64. In sec tions 3.4.1and 3.4.2, the concept of radiometric and image alteration are depict. The execution of preprocessing on the dataset used is given in section 3.7.2.1.4.1 Radiometric correctionRadiometric conditions are influenced by many featureors such as different tomography seasons or dates, different solar altitudes, different view angles, different meteorologic conditions and different cover areas of cloud, rain or atomic number 6 and so on It may affect the accuracy of most change detection techniques. Radiometric correction is performed to remove or reduce the inconsistency between the note protects examineed by sensors and the spectral reflectivity and spectral beam chic of the objects, which encompasses absolute radiometric correction and relative radiometric correction 26.Absolute radiometric correctionIt mainly rectifies the radiation distortion that is tangential to the radiation features of the object surface and is caused by the state of sensors, solar illuminat ion, and dispersion and absorption of atmospherical etc. The typical methods mainly consist of adjusting the radiation nurse to the standard value with the transmission code of atmospheric radiation, adjusting the radiation value to the standard value with spectral curves in the lab, adjusting the radiation value to the standard value with dark object and transmission code of radiation, rectifying the scene by removing the dark objects and so on. Due to the fact that it is expensive and impractical to flock the atmospheric parameter and background signal objects of the current data, and almost impossible to survey that of the historical data, it is difficult to implement absolute radiometric correction in most situations in reality.Relative radiometric correctionIn a relative radiometric correction, an image is regarded as a reference image. Then adjust the radiation features of an other(a) image to make it match with the former one. Main methods consist of correction by histogr am rule and correction with fixed object. This kind of correction can remove or reduce the effects of atmosphere, sensor, and other noises. In addition, it has a simple algorithm. So it has been widely used. The radiation algorithms that are most frequently used at present in the preprocessing of change detection mainly consists of image regression method, pseudo-invariant features, dark set and bright set normalization, no-change set radiometric normalization, histogram matching, second simulation of the satellite channelize in the solar spectrum and so on. It should be pointed that radiometric correction isnt obligatory for all change detection methods. Although some scholars hold that radiometric corrections are necessary for multi-sensor land cover change analysis Leonardo studies at 2006 have shown that if the obtained spectral signal comes from the images to be classified, it is unnecessary to conduct atmospheric correction before the change detection of post-classification comparison. For those change detection algorithms based on feature, object comparison, radiometric correction is often unnecessary 64.1.4.2 Image registrationPrecise registration to the multi-temporal imageries is essential for numerous change detection techniques. The importance of precise spatial registration of multi-temporal imagery is graspable because generally spurious turn ups of change detection impart be formed if there is misregistration. If great registration accuracy isnt available, a great deal of false change area in the scene will be caused by image displacement. It is comm just now approved that the nonrepresentationalal registration accuracy of the sub-pixel level is recognized. It can be seen that the geometrical registration accuracy of the sub-pixel level is necessary to change detection. However, it is doubtful whether this result is equal for all registration data sources and all detected objects and if suitable how more than it is. Another caper is w hether this result has no influence on all change detection techniques and applications and if there is any influence how much it is. These Problems are worth to be studied further. On the other hand, it is difficult to implement high accuracy registration between multi-temporal especially multi-sensor remote sensing images due to many factors, such as imaging models, imaging angles and conditions, curvature and rotation of the earth and so on. Especially in the mountainous region and urban area, general image registration methods are ineffective and orthorectification is needed. Although geometrical registration of high accuracy is necessary to techniques used for low, medium and high resolution (like image differencing techniques and post-classification), it is unnecessary for all change detection t. For the feature-based change detection methods like object-based change detection method, the so-called buffer detection procedure can be employed to associate the extracted objects o r features and in this manner, the harsh prerequisite of perfect registration can be escaped 65. However, these methods neglect the key problem of the distinction between radiometric and semantic changes. So, it does not address the problem of change detection from a general perspective. It just focuses on specialised applications relevant to the end exploiter 1.1.5 Accuracy Assessment used for Change Detection Process evaluationThe accuracy of change detection depends on many factors, including precise geometric registration and calibration or normalization, availability and quality of ground reference data, the complexity of landscape and environment, methods or algorithms used, the analysts skills and experience, and time and cost restrictions. Authors in 66 summarized the main errors in change detection including errors in data (e.g. image resolution, accuracy of location and image quality), errors caused by pre-processing (the accuracy of geometric correction and radiometric correction), errors caused by change detection methods and processes (e.g. classification and data extraction error), errors in field survey (e.g. accuracy of ground reference) and errors caused by post-processing.Accuracy assessment techniques in change detection originate from those of remote sensing images classification. It is natural to extend the accuracy assessment techniques for processing single time image to that of bi-temporal or multi-temporal images. Among various assessment techniques, the most efficient and widely-used is the error ground substance 26. It describes the comparison or cross-tabulation of the classified land cover to the effective land cover revealed by the sample sites results in an error matrix as demonstrated in the table (3.3). It can be called a confusion matrix, contingency table 67, evaluation matrix 68 or misclassification matrix 69. Different measures and statistics can be derived from the determine in an error matrix. These measures are used to evaluate the change detection process. These measures are overall accuracy, procedures accuracy and user accuracy 70.boilersuit accuracy of the change procedureIt presents the ratio of the total number of correctly classified pixels to the total number of pixels in the matrix. This figure is normally expressed as a percentage. It can be expressed as followsThe overall accuracy = (3.1)Users accuracy (column accuracy)It is a measure of the reliability of change be generated from a CD process. It is a statistic that can tell the user of the map what percentage of a class corresponds to the ground-truthed class. It is headd by dividing the number of correct pixels for a class by the total pixels assigned to that class.The user accuracy = (3.2)Producers accuracy (raw accuracy)It is a measure of the accuracy of a particular classification scheme. It shows what percentage of a particular ground class was correctly classified. It is calculated by dividing the number of correct pix els for a class by the actual number of ground truth pixels for that class.The procedure accuracy = (3.3)Table ( 3.3 ) Change error matrix or confusion matrix.Classified land coverActual land coverClass1 = changeClass2 = no changeClass1 = changeCorrectFalseClass2 = no changeFalseCorrect1.6 Concepts of the selected change detection techniques septette LULC change detection techniques are selected to be implemented on our dataset. These techniques are post-classification, direct multi-date classification (DMDC), image differencing (ID), image rationing (IR), image symmetric relative difference (ISRD), change vector analysis (CVA), and principal component differencing (PCD).Image differencing Itis based on the subtraction of two spatially registered imageries, pixel by pixel, as followsID =Xi (t2) Xi (t1) (3.4)WhereX represents the multispectral images with I (number of bands) acquired at two different times t1and t2.The pixels of changed area are predictable to be scattered in the two ends of the histogram of the resulting image (change map), and the no changed area is grouped near zero as shown in figure (3.5). This simple manner easily infers the resulting image conversely, it is vital to correctly describe the thresholds to perceive the change from non-change regions 71.Fig (3.5 ) Histogram of the change map.Image Rationing It is similar to image differencing method. The only difference between them is the replacement of the differencing images by rationed images 71. IR =Xi (t2) / Xi (t1) (3.5)Image cruciate Relative Difference it is based on the useof symmetric relative difference formula to measure change 72, as followsISRD = (3.6)Separating the change by the pixels value at time 1 and time 2 permits the deriving of a change map that measures the proportion change in the pixel, nonetheless of which image is selected to be the first image. For instance, a pixel that had a value of 20 at time 1 and a value of 80 at time 2 would have an absolute change of 60, and a proportion change value in the change map of 375%(80 20) / 20 + (80-20)/80 * 100 = 375%An additional pixel with a value of 140 at time 1 and 200 at time 2 would also have an absolute change of 60, but its proportion change would only be 72.86% (200 140) / 140 + (200-140)/200 * 100 = 72.86%In general, it can be supposed that the proportion change of a pixels brightness value is more revelation of real change in the image than purely the absolute change 73.Change Vector abridgment It generates two outputs a change vector image and a magnitude image. The spectral change vector (SCV) explains the direction and magnitude of change from the first to the second date. The overall change extent per pixel is considered by defining the Euclidean distance between end points over dimensional change space, as follows (3.7)A decision on change is made based on whether the change magnitude exceeds a specific threshold. The geometric concept of CVA is applicable to any number of s pectral bands 41.Principal Component Differencing It is often accepted as effective transforms to derive information and compress dimensions. Most of the information is focused on the first two components. Particularly, the first component has the most information. The difference between the first principle component of two dates has the potential to advance the change detection outcomes, i.e.PCD= PC1 (X(t2)) PC1 (X(t1)) (3.8)The change detection is implemented based on threshold 28.Direct multi-date classification It combines the two images (X (t2) and X (t1)) into a single image on which a classication is performed. The areas of changes are expected to present different statistics (i. e., distinct classes) compared to the areas with no changes 74.Post-classification It is based on the classification of the two images (X (t2) and X(t1)) separately and then compared. Ideally, similar thematic classes are produced for each classication. Changes between the two dates can be visualize d using a change matrix indicating, for both dates, the number of pixels in each class. This matrix allows us to interpret what changes occurred for a specic class. The main advantage of this method is the minimal impacts of radiometric and geometric differences between multi-date images. However, the accuracy of the nal result is the product of accuracies of the two free classications (e.g., 64% nal accuracy for two 80% independent classication accuracies) 74.1.7 Experimental workThis section describes the environment and the implementation procedures of seven selected change detection techniques on the first dataset of Sham el-Sheikh city.1.7.1 Experiment setup obligateing methods described in section 3.5 requires a suitable setup (environment). The setup requirements are summarized in software and hardware. A laptop machine with processor Intel(R) core (TM)i7-4500U CPU 1.80 GH 2.40 GH and repulse 8 GB is used as hardware environment. ERDASD IMAGINE 2014 is selected to be the s oftware environment. It has the Model nobleman toolbox which is used as a programming language. It is chosen for its ability to combine matrix datasets and multi-dimensional arrays that are used to represent multi-dimensional images, and also for its ability to visualize and interrogate results in an interactive manner. Moreover, it allows providing the integration of the necessary datasets and algorithmic customizations for the development of the described method.1.7.2 Pre-processingDataset of EL mahalla al-kubra described in section 3.3 had already registered before. Radiometric correction is carried out to minimize the false change detection by applying histogram matching between the two images. So, the pixel of the no changed areas in one date should take the same or close gray level values of the corresponding pixels in the other date as shown in figure (3.6) 75.(a)(b)Fig (3.6 ) Dataset of Sharm el-Sheikh city aft(prenominal) applying histogram matching on the image acquired at 2000 to match the image acquired at 2010.1.7.3 Implementation of the change detection techniquesThe selected techniques are implemented by the model maker in the ERDAS IMAGINE 2014 software for a dataset of Sharm el-Sheikhto provide an overview and assessment of LULC change detection techniques. 250 random variables are used to generate an error matrix to calculate the overall accuracy correspond to equation (3.1). The reference points are driven visually by comparing the two images. Table (3.4) summarizes the implementation of the selected methods.1.7.4 Results analysisThe results of applying the selected change detection techniques on the first dataset of Sham el-Sheikh city are introduced in the followingImage differencing The change map generated using the image differencing method described in section 3.6 is shown in figure (3.7). The change map has two colors. The white color represents the changed area while the black color represents the no changed area. The change erro r matrix is generated using 250 random variables as demonstrated in the table (3.5). The reference information is taken visually by comparing the dataset. It is used to calculate the overall accuracy, user accuracy, and the procedures accuracy. The overall accuracy of the change map is 92.4%.Table (3.4) Steps of implementation the selected change detection techniques on a dataset of Sharm el-Sheikh.MethodProceduresImage differencingID1- Applying equation (3.4).2- Threshold values were ascertain according to the statistical calculation by taking (1* STD) to identify the land cover change. This step provides a double star image for each band, 1 as change and 0 as non-change.3- The change map is produced according to the volume voting between the binary images.4- The overall accuracy is calculated by Producing change error matrix using 250 random variables according to equation (3.1).Image rationingIR1- Apply equation (3.5).2- Thresholds were determined as mentioned before.3- Change map is produced through majority voting between the binary images.4- The overall accuracy is calculated by Producing change error matrix using 250 random variables according to equation (3.1).Image symmetric Relative DifferenceISRD1-Apply equation (3.6)2- Thresholds were determined as mentioned before.3- Change map is produced through majority voting between the binary images.4- The overall accuracy is calculated by Producing change error matrix using 250 random variables according to equation (3.1).Change Vector analysisCVA1- Apply equation (3.7) to get the Euclidian distance between the two dates.2- Thresholds were determined as mentioned before.3- Change map is produced through majority voting between the binary images.4- The overall accuracy is calculated by Producing change error matrix using 250 random variables according to equation (3.1).Principal component differencingPCD1- delineate the principle componentof the two images.2- Apply equation (3.8).3- Thresholds were deter mined as mentioned before.4- Change map is produced through majority voting between the binary images.5- The overall accuracy is calculated by Producing change er