Social Norms Of Harsher Punishments - 954 Words

Biological Perspective Some factors which may contribute to honor killings stem from biology, specifically from evolutionary drives. One such drive is sexual selection. According to Charles Darwin, animals—including humans—sometimes choose their mates based on certain traits which they find more attractive. In human males, attractive physical traits include tallness and masculinity. Psychological traits may include sexual aggressiveness. This aggressiveness is therefore more likely to be passed down to the next generation and to modern males, making them more likely to assert their control over women (Goldstein, 2002). Another related drive is that of paternal certainty. Males of any species generally want to ensure that the offspring of females with which they have reproduced are, in fact, theirs. The idea of paternal certainty ensures that males know for certain that their genetics are passed down. The fact that female fidelity within sexual relationships would allow for greater paternal certainty, whereas male fidelity would not do the same is what has led to social norms of harsher punishments for female adultery as well as norms of patriarchal control. Likewise, it explains the behavior which is used to control women (Goldstein, 2002). Psychological Factors It is also likely for psychological factors to influence the likelihood of committing honor-based violence. For instance, those who do commit honor crimes tend to show a certain type of moral reasoning. ManyShow MoreRelatedLabeling Theory And Its Effect On The Individual1233 Words   |  5 Pages1) The labeling theory basically categorize individuals who breaks the laws or commit crime. The purpose of the labeling is to cause social humiliation so the individual want commit the crime again. Labels are placed on individuals who commit crime to reduce repeat offenses. A person of prestige that has a high ranking social class is the individual that usually determines how labels are applied. Labeling theory can have a negative effect on the individual who is categorized, the individual is moreRead MoreDiscouraging Crime by Cracking down on Criminal Behavior: Result is Safer Communities1550 Words   |  7 Pagesappropriate reprimand. Despite laws set to punish those who commit a crime, criminal behavior is still present in communities. Therefore, direct focus on criminal behavior can discourage crime by more police presence, community participation, and harsher punishment for those who commit crimes. Increased Police Presence in a Community to Deter Criminal Behavior In Canada (in 2002), 58,414 police officers were working hard to maintain public order for more than 32 million people (Macionis, Jansson, Read MoreAnimal Cruelty Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesa symptom of conduct disorder by the American Psychiatric Association in 1987 (McPhedran; 2008). Conduct disorder is defined as â€Å"a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others are major age appropriate societal norms or rules are violated† (American Psychiatric Association; 1994 as cited as McPhedran; 2008). To be diagnosed with conduct disorder, a person must have at least 3 of the 15 symptoms of the disorder presented. Other symptoms of conduct disorder includeRead MoreScience Crime And Deviant And Criminal Behavior1364 Words   |  6 Pagesfound in deviant and criminal behavior. Lets first start with understanding what deviance is. Deviance is defined as â€Å"behavior that violates accepted norms and arouses negative social reaction†(pg. 386). Just like the Western societies from long ago, in some of our societies today there are still religious explanations for behavior that violate norms. Back in ancient times people believed that deviant behavior was because of four reasons: â€Å"(1) God was testing their faith, (2) God was punishing themRead MoreCrime Is A Social Construction Essay1565 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstanding of who commits a crime. Firstly, labelling theorists argue that crime is a social construction based on the powerful’s reaction to certain behaviour, those who are deviant are people that have been labelled as such. Marxists claim the bourgeoise construct crime in order to criminalise the proletariat, get away with their own deviance and maintain their own dominance. Neo-marxists look at how moral panics create a social construction of crime and can criminalise certain groups. Finally, feministsRead MoreWomen s Status Of Inferiority1405 Words   |  6 PagesBabylonian, and Assyr ian cultures. The complexities of these civilizations produced military competitiveness, escalating the aspects of male dominance and classes that further demeaned women (Ahmed 12). However, the rise of Islam rectified the unjust social constructs as women were given more independence, being considered equals and companions to men. In 5000 to 3000 BC, the first city-states developed in southern Mesopotamia by the Sumerian people. This area was near the Tigris and Euphrates riversRead MoreCrime And Punishment : Is It A Crime?1631 Words   |  7 PagesCrime and Punishment Anytime there has been a crime, there has been a need for punishment for that crime. As a society, many of us feel that punishment should be rendered for crimes committed, but the type of punishment is always up for debate. Our concept of criminal law and its norms include honesty and responsibility for one’s actions and insists on moral culpability, in the form of mens rea and voluntariness (David, 2012). â€Å"Offenders who publicly accept responsibility for their crimes are moreRead MorePublic Shaming1468 Words   |  6 PagesToday most people would tell you that the stocks, pillory and other tools of public punishment are barbaric. We’ve moved passed them, having figured out more humane ways to deal with crime. Why, then, the resurgence of public shaming, namely the mainstream acceptance of the â€Å"dox,† which, in its purest form, is the digging up of a target’s personal information—name, phone number, address, Social Security number, famil ial relationships, financial history—and exposing it online to encourage harassmentRead MoreRelation Between Traditional And Modern Societies Essay1199 Words   |  5 PagesFanslow, Dixon, 2014, p. 4) Sociologist, Emile Durkheim was well-known for his understanding of society’s structure. His theory focused on the evolution between traditional and modern societies and function which centres on the concept of social facts: norms, values and beliefs. (Cree, 2010, p. 9) Durkheim’s perspective of society was different from other sociologists of his time. This is because his theory emphasised more on the things external in nature rather than those internal in nature like:Read MoreCriminal Law And Its Effect On Society951 Words   |  4 Pagesof a criminal punishment started in the Code of Hammurabi then followed by common law. Common law no longer functions in the definition of crime and how they could only be committed in a certain way. The criminal law was created to fit into the modern definition of crimes and the new understanding of criminal acts. Criminal law is to punish criminal and deter crime that goes against norm social behavior. The law breaking has potential punishment which its purpose

Innocent Sympathy At Home By Wilfred Owen - 1262 Words

Innocent admiration at home. A war on the Western Front. Men dying in the trenches without the comfort of their deserved Christian burial. Others sit by panicked and shell-shocked, watching as their comrades die in the dirt. Others feel nothing—they do not notice. They do not even notice their own rotting feet anymore. War and destruction that broke the lives of too many innocent young men. Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. â€Å"Sweet and fitting it is to die for your fatherland† (Damrosch 2160). This â€Å"The old Lie† Wilfred Owen seeks to invalidate, that thoughtless notion that death in war is glorious, which he achieves through similes, which shape much of the poem’s imagery, and irony. These similes are an attempt to relate the loss, pain, and unfairness of war and the death that many succumbed to. The title of the poem is â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est,† meaning it is sweet and fitting, suggesting a nobleness and strength. However, this is not what the text of the poem relates. Rather, the speaker tells of too-tired men who trudge toward their â€Å"distant rest† (Owen 4). The irony lies here in the bitterness and ugliness of the battlefield. The depiction of the bootless, lame, blind men and the soldier who died all lead up to the last two lines of the poem. In these two lines, the speaker unveils the irony of the satirist Horace’s phrase from his Odes, â€Å"Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori,† referring to it as â€Å"The old Lie† (27-28). In the last two lines, the speaker finishes the restShow MoreRelatedThe Most Enduring Phenomena Spawned The Great War Created A Literal Response1564 Words   |  7 PagesTraining Corps. As honourable soldiers we’re aware that as time passes, our imaginative existence has changed dramatically by a n umber of traumatic experiences. We, are ALL Wilfred Owen. One of the most enduring phenomena spawned The Great War created a literal response which evoked from its immediate participants, the soldiers. Owen writes with intense focus on war as an extraordinary human experience. The poems also document other experiences, such as human cruelty and suffering which are carefullyRead MoreAnalysis Of Wilfred Owen s Anthem For Doomed Youth And Dulce Et Decorum Est1224 Words   |  5 Pagesof the poem for a time afterwards. Wilfred Owen was a poet who became well renowned after World War I where he unfortunately died in battle. Anthem for Doomed Youth (Anthem) and Dulce Et Decorum Est (Dulce) by Wilfred Owen both portray various themes including horrors of war, the futility of war and the pity and sadness of war. War is full of horrendous acts that every side of war commits, even if it is for their own reasons which to them seem honourable, but Owen tells a different story. Dulce depictsRead More Wilfred Owens Poetry and Pity of War Essay3690 Words   |  15 PagesWilfred Owens Poetry and Pity of War Through his poetry Wilfred Owen wished to convey, to the general public, the PITY of war. In a detailed examination of three poems, with references to others, show the different ways in which he achieved this Wilfred Owen was born in Oswestry, 18th March 1893. He was working in France when the war began, tutoring a prominent French family. When the war started he began serving in the Manchester Regiment at Milford Camp as a Lieutenant. He foughtRead MoreThe First World War1809 Words   |  8 Pages The first world war was one of the most brutal and remorseless events in history; ‘the global conflict that defined a century’. Over nine million soldiers and a large amount of innocent civilians lost their lives. Empires crumbled, revolution engulfed Russia and America rose to become a dominant world power. Huge armies deployed new weapons of devastating effect from rifles and pistols to torpedoes and flame throwers. These weapons were used not only in the trenches but by tanks too. This was anRead MoreAnalysis of the Deserter by Winifred M. Letts4013 Words   |  17 PagesFields The Seed-Merchant’s Son The Parable of the Old Man and the Young Spring in War-Time Perhaps- Reported Missing E.A. Mackintosh Katherine Tynan Hinkson Ivor Gurney Wilfred Owen Wilfred Owen Ivor Gurney Siegfried Sassoon Winifred M. Letts Siegfried Sassoon Margaret Postgate Cole John McCray Agnes Grozier Herbertson Wilfred Owen Edith Nesbit Vera Brittain Anna Gordon Keown Historical Context – The 1914-1918 War The 1914 -1918 War was also known as the Great War, and is infamous for the millionsRead MoreThe History of The Old Lie and Poetry of Wilfred Owen2490 Words   |  10 PagesThe History of The Old Lie and Poetry of Wilfred Owen Dulce et Decorum Est Pro Patria Mori is a Latin saying that was expressed by the roman poet Horace. It means It is sweet and fitting to die for your country. When Owen wrote his poetry based on his experience of the Great War he did not agree with this saying; he wrote poetry that was full of horror yet told the truth. Therefore he called this saying the old lie. Owen called it this because war was no longerRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Charge of the Light Brigade and Dulce Et Decorum Est9701 Words   |  39 Pages‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ by Wilfred Owen and ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. The two poems ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ and ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ were both written during in a war. ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ was written October 1917 during world war one (WW1). The earliest surviving manuscript is the letter he sent it to his Mother, Susan Owen, with the message â€Å"Here is a gas poem done yesterday, (which is not private, but not final)†. Wilfred Owens poetry was one of theRead MoreAnalysis Of Refugee Blues By W H Auden And Disabled By Wilfred Owen1486 Words   |  6 Pagesreluctant to get past these extremely difficult years, they keep going, not expecting life to get better-just hoping. 1 ‘Refugee Blues’ by W H Auden and ‘Disabled’ by Wilfred Owen are two poems that describe the theme of loss to an extreme level to a point in which their characters are unsure whether to keep going, or end their misery. Owen refers to death and questions him, â€Å"Why don t they come?† suggesting that he would rather let death take him than live life as a cripple. ‘Refugee Blues’ has a distinctRead More Comparing the poems Dulce Et Decorum Est and Anthem for Doomed Youth2221 Words   |  9 Pagesconveying his message. Wilfred Owen wrote both the poems Dulce Et Decorum Est and Anthem for Doomed Youth during the First World War. Wilfred Owen was a British poet born in 1893. He entered World War 1 (1914 - 1918) in October 1915 and fought as an officer in the battle of the Somme in 1916 but was hospitalised for shell shock in May 1917. Here he met Siegfried Sassoon, a poet whose anti-war works were in harmony with Owens concerns. Under Sassoons care, Owen began producing the bestRead More Compare and contrast how Wilfred Owen and Isobel Thrilling portray the3342 Words   |  14 PagesCompare and contrast how Wilfred Owen and Isobel Thrilling portray the horror, suffering and inevitable disillusionment of war in their respective poems. The two poets that I am going to compare and contrast in this essay both write from a different perspective of the war. They are writing about different poems, Owen writes about the 1st world war and Thrilling the 2nd. Both poets are in a different setting when they write these poems, Thrilling is back at home whereas Owen is in the middle of

A New Business for the Entrepreneur

Question: Create a Proposal for an Innovation with a Business Start-Up Plan. Answer: Introduction Food cuisine industry is flourishing in the global market. The food is not confined to home now. The interest of the people to taste the food of different countries and different culture has been increased. Thus the global presence of the food industry has been realised. The restaurant business has become the prestigious business now. The assignment proposes to open an Indo-Chinese restaurant in Jalan Sayur in Kuala Lumpur of Malaysia. This will focus on the young people those who prefer fast food and the Chinese food. The Industry and the Company and its products or services The proposal has been made for opening an Indo-Chinese restaurant in Jalan Sayur in Kuala Lumpur of Malaysia. The business plan is in the food industry and the restaurant will focus on the young customers who are fond of the Chinese and Indian food. The restaurant will be located in the prime location as the place is very crowded and large number of visitors comes to this place for officials and business purposes (Bapuji Beamish, 2008). The restaurant will be opened in a building taken on lease for 10 years in the beginning. The company will make a plan for the investment (Bjork, et al., 2013). The first year of the restaurant will expect 10% profits and then it will expect to rise later in the subsequent years. Market research and analysis There has beencrazefor food all over the world. People expect food of different taste with a different flavour. The customers are interested in eating the food which is different in taste. The new Indo-Chinese restaurant expects the young customers to step in the restaurant and taste the fast food. The different Chinese food and Indian traditional food will help the customers to get delicious food. The restaurant will be located in a prime location of the city. It will be established in Jalan Sayur, Kuala Lumpur. The place is located in the prime location and the customers will visit the restaurant easily. The restaurant will be well connected with different modes of transport (Cooper Vlaskovits, 2010). The restaurant will have different competitors who have been established in the food business in the city. Pudus Wai Sek Kai and Jalan Sayur Food Street will the competitors of the new restaurant Jalan Sayur Food will be the competitor of the restaurant as it also provides Chinese food. The demand for the Chinese food is high in the city. Thus for the local people and for the visitors, the restaurant will play an important role in providing the best food at an affordable price. The restaurant will expect a 10% profit in the first year of its operation (Pike Page, 2014) The Economics of the Business The business plan for the startup does not expect to receive revenue in the very beginning. The business plan will focus on getting less revenue instead of proposing for immediate success (Crawford Benedetto, 2011). The business plan during the period of making a plan for the change of its products will anticipate less revenue. The plan will present the account of the innovation plan. It will take the consideration of the customers as the customers are focused to be changed as per the need of the startup. The startup will target for the low revenue as it will have accountability (Gray, et al., 2011). The restaurant has made a plan to spend a huge amount of money for the start up. The plan estimates to spend $ 800.000 on the different heads. The area of the expenditures will be on food, decoration and the services. There will be a genuine expenditure as the business is a start-up. The owner of the restaurant will expect a margin profit of 10%. The expectation of the owner is to get a return from the expenditures made primarily. This will help the owner not to face any difficulty in meeting the operating expenses at least for one year. The proposed restaurant will take a building for 10 years on the lease basis. The expenditure on lease, dcor and other equipment like equipment for cooking, refrigerator, storage etc come under fixed assets. The food material cost will be there (Tan, 2015). The company will also spend on promotion of the business, printing materials, laundry and for the disposal of the damage. The owner will also spend for the fee for credit card transaction. Staff salary will also be another expenditure of the company. The owner will also make expenditure on the supply of the food. The owner will spend 20% of the revenue on the staff salary. Marketing Plan The business plan will have an approach that is called approach of the development of the customers. This business plan will help the startup. The entrepreneur prepares the hypothesis and the startup follows it (Khan, et al., 2011). This is an innovative approach as it brings a direct link with the product users, the consumers, and the stakeholders those who take part to offer their rich feedback (Gelec Wagner, 2014). This is very crucial as it talks about the features of the products, pricing of it and the distribution channel. The innovative plan focuses on the strategies that are affordable for the customers. The purpose of this principle is to get immediate feedback regarding the product from the consumers.The rich information received by the entrepreneur of the business helps the entrepreneur to make amendment in his assumptions. This is the best way for the entrepreneur to make a test of the design and to make an amendment of the design as per the expectations of the customers . This is the right way to give good inputs and make an adjustment (Mintzberg, 2008). Design and Development Plan The place has been famous for food. There are different competitors those who offer the best food to the customers (Dixit Aggrwal, 2015). The restaurant will offer food to the residents of the locality. Visitors prefer to come to this place as it is well connected to transport. The environment of the place is healthy. The lovers of the food will get attracted to this place. The Chinese fast food, seafood will invite more customers. The cost of the meal is affordable. The average cost of two meals will be between $ 40-50. As the price is an affordable number of visitors will come to the restaurants (Wong Hvolby, 2007). The restaurant will follow a sales tactics and will offer reservation provision for the customers. The restaurant will also focus on home delivery policy. The food will be served to the customers as per the service standard or the country (Magloff, 2016). The restaurant will accept credit cards. There will be provision for parking of the vehicles of the customers. Manufacturing and Operation Plan The restaurant will offer high quality Indian and Chinese food to the food lovers of Kuala Lumpur. The primary concern of the restaurant will be quality food and hospitality to the visitors. The authentic Chinese Indian food will be offered. The food like kebabs, butter chicken and seafood will be offered to the customers. The visitors will find an ambience in their first visit. The location of the place will be attractive (Stevenson, et al., 2007). The visitors will be welcomed by the staff and all efforts to satisfy the customers will be made. The customers will also offer special provisions for the kids and the elders. The restaurant will remain open from 11.30 am to 11.30 pm. The restaurant will offer lunch and dinner to the visitors. The average cost of the food will be between $ 40-50. The area of the restaurant will be 3500sq feet. There will be a good parking provision for the vehicle of the visitors. The restaurant will offer facilities for 50 people to sit at a time. There will b e 20 tables. Some tables will be for two people and some tables will be for four people. There will be three cabins for the visitors to provide on demand for their privacy. There will be also a provision for banquet facilities for party functions. The restaurant will follow the rules and the regulations as per the law determined by the country for the operation of the restaurant in the cities (Hoyer, et al., 2010). Management Team Getting skilled and qualified people is a major challenge for the food industry. The restaurant will follow a very clear duty policy for the workers of the restaurants. The owner of the restaurant will offer the best salary to the employees. The owner of the restaurant will be head of the management. The owner will be assisted by the manager of Operations, manager of Kitchen and other support staff. The restaurant will have a database to maintain the track record of the workers and it will also record their performance. The owner will make provision for offering hands-on training to the workers The owner will pay $20,000 to $35,000 to the manager of the operation as salary per a year. The manager of the kitchen will be $1,000 per week. The restaurant will paygoodsalary to the chef. The service providers, suppliers, supervisors etc will be employed as the support staff and they will be paid on weekly basis (Beattie, 2012). Overall schedule The restaurant business is a lucrative business. There will be the plan of the overall functioning of the restaurants. The restaurant will open at 11.30 am and it will be over by 11.30 pm. It will offer lunch and dinner to the customers. The restaurant will offer hospitality management. The restaurant will appoint security at the entrance and the exit point of the restaurant. The restaurant staff will welcome the visitors with a smile. The restaurant staff will remain alerted to serve the food to the visitors and to take their order. The cleanliness will be the most advantage of the company. The customers service will be given top priority. There will be customers log book. The customers can write their comments and can suggest for further improvements (taurangabusiness case.co.nz, 2017). The suppliers will also be given preferences. The owner will make a list of the suppliers and the vendors who can offer the best quality food materials at a reasonable rate. The suppliers will be encouraged to supply the food materials and other related items as per the schedule price and schedule date. Critical risks, problems and assumptions The restaurant business is a very sensitive business in the sense that it belongs to the service sector. The entire growth of the restaurant depends on the quality food and services that it offers to the customers. The risks of the market are always there. The competitions in the market also are a risk for the restaurant. There are established competitors in the market (Kreafle, 2011). They are the main hindrance to the growth of the restaurant. The business is a start up. It is investing he amount of money. That is one of the greatest problems as return is at the risks. The profits of the company may not be the first year as it has not earned brand image in the market. Getting good employees will be a problem for the company. The Financial Plan Statement of Income (from 1st June 2017 to 31st May, 2018) Revenues received from sale $ 200.000 ( expected) Expenditure and losses $185,000 ( expected) Net Income $ 15,000( expected) Statement of the cash flow Cash Flow for the restaurant business (from 1st June 2017 to 31st May, 2018) Month June July August Sept October Nov December January Feb March April May Total Year Receipts Sales $200000 Total receipts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200000 Payments Fees for Legal Accounting Advertisement promotion fees $13000 Loan payment $14000 Wages $11000 payment on lease $2400 Freight Insurance $7000 Interest charges of bank $6000 Expenses on printing, postage, stationery packaging Rent of the premises Repairs ,maintenance cleanliness Superannuation Payments for tax Taxes $1000 Telephone electricity, gas $2500 operating costs for vehicles Salaries wages $100000 Expenses( others) Total payments 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $185000 Net cash for the period 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Opening bank balance 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ending cash 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $15000 Income and Expenditure Account Income Expenditure Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount Sales $200000 Legal and Accounting Fees Fees on advertisement and promotion $13000 Payment on loan $14000 Lease payment $14000 Freight $2400 Insurance Interest and bank charges $6000 Printing, postage, stationery, packaging $5000 Rent of business premises Repairs and maintenance, cleaning Superannuation Supplier payments Taxes Telephone $1100 Utilities (electricity, gas) Vehicle operating costs $2500 Wages and salaries $110000 Other Expenses Balance C/F. $20000 $185000 $185000 Balance Sheet Assets Liabilities Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount June Equipment of Leasing $100000 June Capital $350000 Income on Sales $20000 Bank Loan $200000 $430000 $550000 $550000 Proposed Company Offering The restaurant is a start up. The startup costs will be on the lease, decoration, patter location. The different requirements will be covered by the owner. The funds will be from the owners and the bank loans. The Sources of Fund Types of investment Amount Contributions of Owner Capital contribution $500,000 Bank loan Loan $ 200,000 Equipment ( Leasing) Lease $100.000 Total ($800,000) Conclusion The business plan for a start up is very crucial. There are different situations in which the entrepreneur thinks differently and goes for innovating new product so that it can easily sustain in the market. The innovation depends upon the need of the market and to gain competitive advantage in the market. The entrepreneur of the startup requires to gain knowledge on the development and growth of the market. The knowledge on the market affords huge amount of knowledge to the entrepreneur to make new plan. The proper plan of the entrepreneur brings failure or success to the company. Bibliography Balcarov, P., 2011. THE COMPARISON OF NINE-FACTOR MODEL AND DIAMOND .... [Online] Available at: www.slu.cz/opf/cz/informace/acta-academica-karviniensia/...1.../Balcarova.pdf [Accessed 18 03 2017]. Bapuji, H. Beamish, P. W., 2008. Avoid hazardous design flaws. Harvard Business Review, 86(3), pp. 23-26. Beattie, A., 2012. 5 Biggest Challenges facing Your Small Business. [Online] Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/pf/12/small-business-challenges.asp Bjork, J., Ljungblad, J. Bosch, J., 2013. Laen Product Development in Early Stage Startups:Conference on Software Business. Potsdam, CEUR-WS. Blank, S., 2013. Why the Lean Start-Up Changes Everything. s.l.:s.n. Cooper, B. Vlaskovits, P., 2010. The Entrepreneur's Guide to Customer Development. s.l.:Custdev. Crawford, M. Benedetto, A. D., 2011. New products management. 10th edition ed. New Yoork: McGraw-Hill. Dixit, V. Aggrwal, Y. P., 2015. Lean and Lean Quality Tools Redifining the product Development.. International Journal of Engineering Research Technology, pp. 88-90. Gelec, E. Wagner, F., 2014. Future Trends and key challenges in R D Management, Germany: -Results of an empirical study within industrial R D in Germany. Gray, J., Roth, A. V. Leiblein, M. J., 2011. Quality risk in offshore manufacturing: evidence from the pharmaceutical industry. Journal of Operations Management, 29(7-8), pp. 737-752. Hoyer, W. D. et al., 2010. Consumer Cocreation in New Product Development. Journal of Service Reserach. Khan, M. S. et al., 2011. Towards lean product and process development. International Journal of Computer Integrated manufacturing , pp. 1105-1116. Kreafle, K. G., 2011. Lean Product Development. Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, pp. 11-13. Magloff, L., 2016. What does it Cost to Start a Restaurant?. [Online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/cost-start-restaurant-4595.html# [Accessed 24 04 2017]. Mintzberg, H., 2008. The nature of managerial work. new York: Free Press. Pike, S. Page, S., 2014. DESTINATION MARKETING ORGANIZATIONS AND DESTINATION MARKETING: A NARRATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LITERATURE. Tourism Management, Volume 41, pp. 1-26. Stevenson, H., Roberts, M. J. Grousbeck, H. I., 2007. New business ventures and the entrepreneur. Burr Ridge: IL: Irwin. Tan, L., 2015. Ethnic foodrevolution: New taste of NZ. [Online] Available at: www.nzherald.co.inz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c id=11480918# [Accessed 23 04 2017]. taurangabusiness case.co.nz, 2017. The Ultimate Bottom Line. [Online] Available at: www.taurangabusiness case.co.nz/move-to-tauranga# [Accessed 23 04 2017]. toolshero.com, 2016. Porter Diamond Model: a great competitive advantage analysis. [Online] Available at: www.toolshero.com/strategy/porter-diamond-model [Accessed 18 03 2017]. Wong, C. Y. Hvolby, H. H., 2007. Coordinated responsiveness for volatile toy supply chains. Production, Planning and Control, 18(5), pp. 407-419.

Network Report

Question : You are required to design the network you would recommend and how it would be configured.Remember the goal of building a new network is that it will support the schools needs for the nextfive years. Your recommendations are to be submitted as a formal report containing your analysis ofthe present situation, and your recommended network solution.As part of your report, you are required to:1. Executive summary ,Explain why your design meets the business and technical goals2. Analysis of user requirements3. Description and analysis of the current network,4. Network Design ProposedSuggest a type of network architecture that is suitable for the organisation. You will need toidentify all the circuits (cabling), network hardware necessary to build the network(s) you areproposing and to justify your choice, i.e., you will need to explain the function of thehardware and network choice in your solution, andYou will also need to include logical/physical network diagrams for the current and pro posednetwork. Answer : Executive Summary The network topology displayed misses the mark regarding the high speed objective when a measurable model for imparting the system is connected. This remote cross section system will give an intends to offering merged administrations to end clients that compasses the ordinary triple play set of information, voice and feature administrations. Moreover, the building design and capacities of the systems operations focus as the control and checking office of the system are examined in point of interest. Important phrasing is presented, trailed by a portrayal of each one system part. While the figures show run of the mill illustrations of access, cross section and infusion layer arrangements, and in addition the Pop and NOC topology, the structural planning graphs are expected to demonstrate the relationship of and interconnections between the individual layers and subsystems. 1. Introduction Interconnection systems are pertinent not just over wide areas (Wan's) and local area (Lan's), additionally over system areas (San's). One point of interest of the interconnection arrange over the transport is known as its versatility in throughput, dormancy, cost and reconciliation of system. A system is embodied parcel switches and joins, where bundle switches play the crucial part. Information and directions are changed from source hosts to any coveted goals. The level of the switch, its inner steering system, and its interior buffering method, figure out which topologies can be underpinned, which steering calculations can be actualized, and how quick information and directions can be transmitted in the system. In circuit exchanging, the way from the source to the end is created and saved until a whole message is exchanged over the system. This system is exceptionally great at streaming continuous information in light of the fact that activity from different courses has no effect. A fruitful story is the landline phone systems. Nonetheless, since in actuality, the complete physical way is accessible to stand out client amid every association and it dosage not generally always stream information, the use of the physical system is poor. Cities and municipalities worldwide are embracing WiFi and mesh networking technologies as an access equalizer and means for providing enhanced online services to the community. Wireless mesh networks have emerged as the extension to the infrastructure WLAN deployments in public and private outdoor installations such as large academic and corporate campuses, municipalities, city downtown areas, and, to some extent, multi-unit apartment and residential complexes. Mesh networks have been deployed with both multi-radio and single-radio solutions. Single-radio mesh solutions use a single radio device, or transceiver, to provide wireless access to the end user and connectivity on the backhaul mesh network. The single-radio solutions, while benefiting from a simpler design, typically suffer from significantly diminished overall throughput that limits the scalability of the overall network. Usage of these devices typically results in either smaller coverage areas and/or lower available band width to users compared to mesh networks built around multi-radio devices. Conversely, multi-radio lattice outlines permit detachment of the client get to and network backhaul operations of the remote system, bringing about more noteworthy limit for both system layers. This permits better scaling execution for the general cross section system. Two radios every lattice hub (switches) is ordinarily sufficient to understand the profits of partition of the client get to and cross section planes, with more radios giving minor execution picks up and extra every unit cost. A significant segment of remote cross section engineering is the system for sending information parcels over the lattice multi-jump topology. This sending may be fulfilled at OSI layer 3, a methodology initially utilized as a part of Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (Manets), in which case units of data sent over the system would be IP bundles. The information sending may additionally be fulfilled at layer 2, in which case the units of sent information would take the manifestation of 802.11 edges. In eith er circumstance a way/course determination is utilized. The outline of this steering calculation is one of the real variations in the lattice arrangement. 2. Organisational Description Southern Cross University is a lively, contemporary Australian college with wonderful grounds at the Gold Coast, Lismore and Coffs Harbor with limb grounds at Sydney and Melbourne. The University likewise works The Hotel School Sydney in organization with Mulpha Australia. From 2014 Southern Cross University will grow its Sydney and Melbourne operations opening another extension grounds in every city. We invite understudies from more than 80 nations all through the world and offer undergrad and postgraduate courses in a moving and steady learning environment. The University has a solid understudy center and takes pride in the nature of its speakers, a hefty portion of whom are perceived as pioneers in their fields. Our degrees are offered over an expansive scope of controls, and are outlined in discussion with industry. Numerous include work situations and entry level positions and different manifestations of involved figuring out how to deliver work-prepared graduates. Examination is attempted in areas that are territorially applicable and all inclusive huge, in controls as assorted as geoscience, plant hereditary qualities, cetacean research, wellbeing and wellbeing and tourism. The WLAN configuration procedure can start from multiple points of view yet by and large it starts with a communicated craving to give associations with a particular territory where various clients will take an interest in a centered movement. To assess what is conceivable, it is first important to comprehend what is needed and in addition what is conceivable. There is for the most part an essential application that is driving the requirement for integration. Understanding the throughput necessities for this application and for different exercises that will happen on the system will furnish the fashioner with an every client transmission capacity objective. Duplicating this number by the quantity of expected associations yields the total transfer speed that will be needed. 3. Analysis of User Requirements These structures are found 200km from the different SCU grounds. They have to be connected to the current SCU system. This is a case for comprehension separation remote circumstances for WAN. Each one building has another capacity with SCU. One building will be Macs for mixed media. One building will have Programmers and the other building Business understudies. The fourth building has the instructors and administrator. Each one building needs to unite with SCU. The instructors and understudies each one structure groups of clients with distinctive needs and loads on the system. The new school complex will be known as SCU Design School. It will instruct new item outline utilizing 3d printers. It needs remote for the understudies to check sites while sitting outside. In a high-thickness environment, for example, an address lobby or assembly hall, the densities of clients in the involved space increment significantly. Client seating is regularly bunched near one another to accomplish high inhabitance. The general measurements of the space are truly valuable for getting a thought of the free space way loss of the AP signal. Client densities are not equally appropriated over the whole space as path ways, stages, and platform speak to a rate of space which is generally empty. The RF motion of the AP are altogether different from those accomplished at the client level. The Aps are uncovered with a magnificent perspective of the room and the client gadgets will be stuffed nearly together with lessening bodies encompassing them. The single greatest wellsprings of impedance in the room are the customer gadgets themselves. For every client sitting in the assembly hall who can rest their hand agreeably on the once again of the seat before them, the separation is give or take three feet, with a normal seat width of 24 inches. This yields what is characterized as a high-thickness environment, with short of what 1 square meter every gadget sent, accepting one or more gadgets joined every seat. What is eventually going to impact the customer gadgets more than whatever other element is the corruption of sign to-commotion degree (SNR) through both co-channel and contiguous channel impedance determined by co-placed gadgets. Legitimate framework building can minimize the effect by expanding fitting spatial reuse yet it can't be disposed of in exceptionally thick situations altogether. Working edges get to be more basic as space is consolidated and an awful radio or conduct in the mixcan have an extensive effect inside a cell. Customer conduct under these conditions will fluctuate broadly and patterns focused around environment and occasion sort have likewise been accounted for. There is very little that could be possible about the specific customer blend or conduct. The outline objective is to designer the system side as heartily as would be prudent and to control and see all variables. Inside situations that qualify as high-thickness, there are additionally submodels fabricated by utilization case. For instance, in a high-thickness environment, for example, an open venue or stadium, limit is arranged focused around what rate of clients are liable to be dynamic on the system at any one time. In advanced education there is an alternate model, where easygoing WLAN movement is one utilization case while action when an educator is addressing may expand significantly, up to 100 percent. 4. Description Analysis of Current Setup Broadly useful processing labs are accessible for utilization by all SCU understudies. Hours of operations and backing change somewhat from grounds to grounds however all labs give access to the Internet, print offices and have a standard suite of programming accessible. Some processing labs are accessible at all times for easy-going utilize i.e. they are not timetabled for educating purposes. Labs that are timetabled are still accessible for easy-going utilize however in the event that a class is booked to start please guarantee you empty the room in time for the class to begin. There are likewise machines accessible for utilization in the Library e-Space and a few Schools have committed machine labs for understudies selected in their courses. Lismore grounds Library gives network to your smart phone to the local area organize through either remote or an Ethernet cabled association. Remote associations are accessible and 8 cabled associations. You may arrange either association yourself or have library help staff support you. Programming planners are regularly needed to pick only one normal number to speak to the application's necessities when there are really numerous modes and arrangement choices that can make up a more exact number. It is additionally essential to approve applications on a delegate specimen of the gadgets that are to be backed in the WLAN. Moreover, not all programs and working frameworks appreciate the same efficiencies, and an application that runs fine in 100 Kbps on a Windows portable computer with Microsoft Internet Explorer or Firefox, may require more transmission capacity while being seen on a PDA or tablet with an installed program and working framework. When the obliged transfer speed throughput every association and application is known, this number can be utilized to focus the total data transmission needed in the WLAN scope territory. To land at this number, reproduce the base satisfactory transmission capacity by the quantity of associations expected in the WLAN scope region. This yields the target data transmission required for the need arrangement of steps. 5. Description of Proposed Network Exertion has been made to make ease remote local area system of a neighbourhood with a populace of 500 individuals, i.e. around 100 pads (2-3 stories) and homes. This exertion spreads giving the Internet association with all the populace for their laptops and desktop remotely from a current high velocity web association at a low 800-1000 USD. To give wired association with the same area costs approx. 7000 USD, notwithstanding different bothers including provisioning for wiring and so on. The itemized format of the local location. In this neighbourhood all the deterrent are there like trees, electrical shafts, dividers and so forth. The Computer Centre building is the centre with a rapid web association. From that point, this association will be circulated to the neighbouring private structures inside 500-1000 meter area. Creating this system obliges Five Wireless Access focuses (WAP) with omni-receiving wires and Two Directional are taken. In the Computer Centre building one Wireless Access Point has been introduced with Two Antennas (one Directional and an alternate Omni). Directional reception apparatus is speaking with an alternate directional receiving wire furthermore supporting in the middle of Omni receiving wire. Through these radio wires comparing WAP are conveying. The observable pathway in the middle of these reception apparatuses is clear. Presently in this system all the reception apparatuses are imparting through one or an alternate receiving wire so conveying Access focuses. As seen in the above figure each one right to gain entrance point gives the signs to machines and laptops or alternate remote gadgets in the reach. On the off chance that one right to gain entrance focuses signs are feeble for any area alternate access point helps it and gives access to the client. 6. Conclusions The usage of the system utilizing the proposed methodology took more or less one week's opportunity. The real cost of usage came considerably lesser than what was proposed at first. A week after week criticism was taken from the clients of the area for: 1. Fine tuning the system, 2.Educating the clients about the best approach to utilize it and 3. Pacifying the clients for what they were getting at the expense of speculations. The entire system has been introduced in genuine and proving ground has been utilized for results. The system was persistently observed for fine tunings. The result of Network checking and clients' input are as per the following: 1. Though the Wi-Fi is signs are accessible in each one house, however they are restricted to the rooms confronting the receiving wire just. To take care of this issue, effective radio with higher additions could have been introduced, yet the financial backing confined in doing so. 2. Since all clients were on a typical imparted data transmission, amid the day time, when not very many clients are utilizing the Wi-Fi system, every client used to get a decent throughput. Be that as it may at night/evening time, in the vicinity of around 100 clients, throughput was an issue. This issue can be effortlessly fathomed with the assistance of a Linux based (freeware) data transfer capacity administrator, where separate time based data transmission pools can be made and every client would have been distributed a particular pool. To advance the data transfer capacity utilization, all clients would be distributed on the regular pool amid day time (when the clients are not very many). This all obliged an interest in man hours in creating, designing and adjusting of the transfer speed director. The procedure is yet to be done in pragmatic circumstance. It can in any case be reasoned that, after a month of examination and inputs, somewhat more interest in the system with the proposed technique can be the most sparing approach to system an area of area with fancied results. References Aust, S. and Ito, T. (2011). Sub 1GHz wireless LAN deployment scenarios and design implications in rural areas.2011 IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops (GC Wkshps). Aust, S. and Ito, T. (2011). Sub 1GHz wireless LAN deployment scenarios and design implications in rural areas.2011 IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops (GC Wkshps). Prasad, A., Prasad, N., Kamerman, A., Moelard, H. and Eikelenboom, A. (2000). Indoor wireless LANs deployment.VTC2000-Spring. 2000 IEEE 51st Vehicular Technology Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37026). Technet.microsoft.com, (2015).Designing and Deploying Wireless LAN Connectivity for the Microsoft Corporate Network. [online] Available at: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb457092.aspx [Accessed 21 Jan. 2015]. Wenzheng, L. and Chao, L. (2010). VoIP with IPv6 packet transmission over WLAN.2010 IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering and Service Sciences.

Comparing First and Second Language Acquisition Theories

Introduction First language acquisition refers to the way in which the native language (mother tongue) is acquired, internalized, used and propagated. Second language acquisition on the other hand refers to the manner in which any other language is acquired, internalized, used and propagated.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Comparing First and Second Language Acquisition Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper explores the similarities and difference exhibited by first and second language acquisition theories such as; the innateness, cognitive, interaction and behaviourist theories of language acquisition. It centres on the proficiency and effectiveness of each theory with respect to the mode of language acquisition, reliability and retention of such acquired language. A Critical Exposition Comparing First and Second Language Acquisition First language acquisition is multifaceted; occurrin g naturally at birth – for even the cry of a baby can to some extend be considered a mode of verbal communication, a skill which is governed by an inherent program and calling for little or no intervention from external agents. The child is basically autonomous in the invention of language; they are born with the Universal Grammar programmed into their cognitive domain and thus are capable of acquiring and inventing their native language with ease. For instance, when a child listen to mature people, he unconsciously recognizes the kind of language at hand and in the same note he would set parameters by setting his grammar to the most appealing one. It is as though a certain approach to language were given him at birth, which he relates to what is transpiring in his vicinity. He can intuitively note those words which depict nouns, verbs and the grammatical order of the phrase or sentence. This information is merely given – not formally taught. It is as though the child was initially equipped with the necessary language acquisition tools. Thus, the native language can only be acquired but not learnt, as it is the case with second language acquisition. This assertion does not discredit the language acquisition support system, which holds that external agents such as the family members and group mates are of paramount importance in the language acquisition of a child. At best the learning of language by a child during the ego development stage of early childhood can be described as the child’s play, for even the discovery and the enrichment of the language is such a wonder to children. This has been proven to be an emblem for the necessary approaches for first language acquisition (Brown, 2000, p. 23). The child does not just receive the native language, but rather synthesizes it afresh. While the acquisition of first language is naturally spontaneous, a reduced number of second language learners find it almost virtually impossible to internal ize the second language.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More First language acquisition is therefore marked with a greater degree of success than it is the case with second language learning. In addition, though there is minimal discrepancy in the in the final proficiency for first language acquisition, there is a wide variation of the extent to which people acquire a second language. The formal scenario of second language acquisition which normally takes place in a classroom is more organized and systematic; stressing on what should be taught and when it should be taught. It is characterized by minimal concern on how learners should be perfected in internalizing and owning the language. Due to the utilitarian nature of language, second language acquisition proves to be of an inestimable worth at the national, regional and global level. This arises from the fact that a personâ €™s first language is not universal and thus second languages which are generally dominant find their place in connecting people of different cultures, races, nations and ethnic groups. The second language thus does provide the best channel for social interactions, formal instruction in learning institutions and official purposes. Language attrition is one main challenge posed by second language acquisition, immigrants are more prone to this challenge because of a change of their language environment, and they are likely to lose the taste of their first language (Wanner, 1980, p. 57). Language acquisition is depended on the exposure availed to the learner. The settings under which the first language is acquired are narrow and limited as compared to those under which a second language is acquired. Whereas the first language learner is only exposed to the family members who are culturally limited in their interaction with the learner, the second language learner has a wide exposur e, interacting with a varied broad spectrum of acquaintances either accidentally or in a highly structured setting. The intensity of this exposure is relatively constant for the first language learner, as compared to the deep exposure for second language learner favoured by the good interactive environment at his/her disposal. The wide range of age difference between first language acquisition and the second language acquisition is another distinguishing factor. Obvious as it may seem, age deviation affects the learner’s attitudes, preferences, and motivations, cognitive and mental stamina. Thirst for knowledge and the drive of inquiry involves the first language learner in a proactive search for thorough comprehension of linguistic necessities.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Comparing First and Second Language Acquisition Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first language learner fi nds excitement in probing, synthesizing and recreating his/her native language, thus developing an ownership of the language in which he/she is best at home. Teenagers and adults have a more developed mental and cognitive strength than the intuitive reasoning of children and are better placed in making rational and informed choices on the kind of linguistic devices they need to master. The fact that second language learners are already equipped with the first language may be a hindrance to their proficiency in acquiring the second language unless they are under pressure to internalize it; this is because it may encourage linguistic complacency which is detrimental to linguistic prosperity (Bowen, 1998, p. 1). Language acquisition theories are compared hereafter, based on the evidence of psycholinguistic researches. The premises explored below in comparing the first and second language acquisition, is aimed at guiding educational policy makers in the language domain to draw informed instructional policies at the national level. Innateness versus cognitive theory: The learning of a first language is multi-faceted and is not merely an issue of learning vocabulary and syntax The acquisition of the first language by a child is accompanied by many other peripheral developmental structures, such as emotions, psyche, social relationships and play. Intertwined with first language acquisition, all these developmental structures are depended on and promote first language acquisition. For instance, a child begins with a limited set of functions linguistically, which are characterized by intonation contours and a narrowed class of words of expression. A study on conversational proficiency has shown that children use language for their social interplay, and such neither happens simultaneously nor through uncoordinated monologues (Wagner, 2006, p. 1). The second language learner, on the other hand, is unlikely to embrace the emotional effect of language, unless it is enginee red by close associates. The educational purpose dominates the acquisition of the second language, in which case the learner acquires a new set of skills work with, and gains a global outlook linguistically. His linguistic competency is therefore depended on his needs, interests, tastes and preferences. Although, the acquisition of a second language is multi-faceted, it shares some rich resemblance to the acquisition of the first language, as relates to the relevance of the acquired language. In both cases the zeal of the learner in language acquisition largely depends on the function of the language befitting the learner in the future (Thurston, 2010, p. 1). This underscores the indispensable utility value of language in all human interactions.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cognitive versus interaction theory: The child’s mental capacity somewhat determines his/her language acquisition potential and the extend of using such a language Recent research has shown that psychological processes such as memory, attention, organization and retention are more developed for a second language learner than those for a first language learner (Vivian, 1979, p. 1). For instance, an adult is better equipped in directing and sustaining their attention in language acquisition than does a child. Mental strategies of organization and correlation are essential boosters of memory and a child is disadvantaged in this area of retaining the acquired language because of their limited psychological faculties. Children basically have a shorter span of instant memory due to a reduced number of mental slots and a limited information processing ability as compared to the fully developed mental strength of adults. Nonetheless, if the linguistic task at hand is more calling tha n the learner’s optimal mental capacity, the second learner’s linguistic competency is as limited as the first learner’s. Moreover, engagements with reduced linguistic necessities such as deductive reasoning and the certification of order relations may be carried out almost in the same way for a second language as in a first. In these immediate linguistic barriers, the range of age deviation is of little effect, in both cases the learner’s initial contact with the language is marked with similar uncertainties and difficulties. A striking deviation is however noticed in the spontaneous conscious involvement of the second learner in the language acquisition process as evidenced by his/her active strategies of self- evaluation (Heather, 2010, p. 1). Second language acquisition is mostly identified by the learner’s special interest in grammatical rules and a mastery of word structures, the conscious keen observance of linguistic devices ensures a logic ally structured encoding mechanism enhancing linguistic memory. It is therefore imperative that in teaching the second language, the various forms of mental handicaps be taken into consideration. For instance, the linguistic devices presented to the learner should match the learner’s mental span. In addition, the spontaneous linguistic strategy for first language acquisition should not be overlooked in re-inventing the second language. These include association of related words and phrases, clustering of vocabulary in the memory, correlation of intertwined literal concepts and drawing inferences in the language acquisition process (Pinker, 2009, p. 1). Innateness versus interaction theory: The acquisition of the first language is autonomous and complete on its own. It does not constitute the second system of language acquisition. This theory is build upon the hypothesis that the child’s language system in first language acquisition is a fully fledged complete system on its own; it is not merely a portion of the second language system. The child does not follow the logical sequences of programmed language acquisition evident in the adult system, rather he has an inherent system of his own whose approach whose dealings are entirely different to the adult’s, although with time it eventually crystallized to the adult’s. This theory asserts that a child is born with an inherent universal grammar within its cognitive domain. Thus, the nature of language acquisition is autonomous and is characterized by the child’s personal grammatical rules, set of language functions and semantic meanings. Though there has been a question as to whether the same is true of phonologically (Ohta, 2010, p. 34). This hypothesis has found its application in second language acquisition, and has been the pillar of inter-language mode of instruction has been built. The inter-language is like the child’s system, which is a system of its own. It goes t hrough a gradual process of change developing towards the targeted language. Nevertheless, unlike the child, the second language learner falls short of realizing the targeted language –the scope of which scope is broad. Barriers along the process of second language acquisition, may to some extent, pose the challenge of linguistic paralysis to the learner hence ‘fossilizing’ the second language. The actual teaching of the second language is however not limited the inter-language hypothesis. Upon the integration of inter-language in the instruction of the second language, the learner learns the language bit by bit. For example, in teaching English as the second language, the instructor should proceed from that which is known to the learner to the unknown, from simple to complex and from the familiar to the unfamiliar with respect to grammar, syntax, and phonology. In spite of this, the learner is not exposed to developing a more complex system of tenses as does a n ative. Thus, the second learner acquires just a fragment of the native language, limiting his/her competence in the language. Behaviourist versus cognitive theory: The utility value of the first language is basically depended on the learner/child’s preferences, tastes and wants. The child’s perception of the world around him is best illustrated by the way in which the child uses his first language; thus the first language acts as the child’s key of unlocking the immerse social interactive wealth. The second language learner also does enjoy this functional value of language acquisition, particularly when it takes place in unconventional areas (outside the classroom). The necessity of the use of the second acquired language can also be illustrated by immigrants who have to use the second language in its native setting. The importance of the functional approach to the teaching of languages cannot be underestimated, for it embraces the learner’s future needs and interests than the immediate ones. It is evidently different from the first language acquisition, in which language learning is aimed at addressing current needs (Long, 2003, p. 1). Presumably, language teachers should take note of the learner’s psychological and social needs, thus exploiting exhaustively both the integrative and instrumental motivations of the learner. Innateness versus cognitive theory: Though language development is somehow independent of cognition, it is to some measure affected by cognition. While some aspects of language development are autonomous, in rare occasions prior possession of certain cognitive faculties is a boost to language development. It is therefore apparent that mental ability is the epicentre of language development, though language development is not limited to it. Piaget has shown that the development of language is connected to the child’s phases of cognitive development. During the early sensory- motor stage the child acq uires a developing cognitive schema necessary for language acquisition (Birdsong, 1999, p. 21). At seven years, the child is normally conservative, but during the formal operational stage in the youth it becomes apparent that speech development is the cause other than the effect of cognitive development. The second language learner is at a higher stage of cognitive development than the child and hence has a greater cognitive maturity. This impact of mental strength to language acquisition explains the marked difference in the ease of language acquisition ion between a first language learner and a second language learner. The order of language acquisition is therefore relatively easy and quick for the second learner than for the first learner, because of his mature cognitive faculties Behaviourist versus interaction theory: Mature people are reserved and develop a simple logical way of addressing the young ones. Family members, in their interaction with the young ones, are more reser ved and carefully opt for a clear and simple way of talking. Such simplification strategies include; short utterances, restriction of tenses, repetition, exaggerated intonation, recasting sentences (motherese). In some cases, the child’s learning strategy and the mother’s interaction may deviate, thus causing learning to be delayed (Clark, 2003, p. 45). In formal instruction institutions, care should be taken to strike a balance between the conventional requirement of language acquisition and the ardent need of interactive exposure in language acquisition. It is therefore, necessary for the instructor to establish the degree to which he needs to design the formal learning situation to be akin to that in the informal language learning settings. This would make the classroom experience of language acquisition more dynamic and flexible with reduced teacher participation, yet availing a great wealth of interactive language acquisition activities (Mason, 2010, p. 1). Behavi ourist versus interaction theory: The social demand compels the child to integrate the acquired language to diverse social scenarios. Recent research has attempted to demystify the manner in which a child and a mature person integrate language to diverse social scenarios, especially when they speak with a certain group audience. It has thus been noted that adult language is dynamic (Vivian, 1979, p. 1). For instance, adult language behaviour is carefully selected to fit perfectly to varied social contexts; it is formal when attending to official functions or in interacting with the mature, and considerately simple when speaking to the little ones. Research asserts that a child exhibits the same flexibility. Toddlers, for instance often keep mum in the presence of visitors, but are quite free to express themselves in the absence of the visitors. Humbled formal politeness is exhibited by young ones when interacting with visitors. Generally, the flexibility of a child’s speech c ode is minimal below the age of five years, but it is gradually heightened after this age to a fully fledged dynamism at maturity (Vivian, 1979, p. 1). Second language learner adaptation of language to particular situations has been under explored by researchers as compared to the child’s. Nonetheless it is worth mentioning that, due to confinement in the classroom situation coupled with the formal nature of classroom interactions, the end result is a rigid language. Conclusion In a nutshell, language acquisition is multi-faceted and it is defined by converging as well as diverging objectives, varied modes of acquisition, different stages of development, alternating depths of acquisition and it can be evaluated by the extent of its success. Bibliography Birdsong, D. (1999). Second Language Acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis. New York. Wadsworth Publishing. Bowen, C. (1998). Typical Speech Development. Web. Brown, D. (2000). Principles of Language Learning and Teac hing. 4th ed. New York. Pearson. Clark, E. (2003). First Language Acquisition. California. Barnes Noble. Heather, M. (2010). Language Acquisition versus Language Learning. Web. Jinwen, H. (2011). English acquisition. Web. Krashen, S. (1981). Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning. Web. Long, M. (2003). The handbook of second language acquisition. New Jersey. Bell Bain. Mason, T. (2010). Learning Language. Web. McGregor, S. (2004). Critical Discourse Analysis. Web. Ohta, A. (2010). Second Language Acquisition Process in the Classroom. New York. Routledge. Pinker, S. (2009). Language Acquisition. Web. Slobin, D. (1999). Language change in childhood and in history. Language Learning and Thought. New York. Academic Press. Thurston, P. (2010). Evolutionary Acquisition strategies and spiral  development process. Web. Vivian, C. (1979). First and second language learning. Web. Wagner, J. (2006). Second Language Acquisition and Age. Web. Wanner, E. (1980). Language ac quisition: The State of the Art. New York. Cambridge University Press. This critical writing on Comparing First and Second Language Acquisition Theories was written and submitted by user Hendrix T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definition and Discussion

Definition and Discussion Lexical meaning  refers to the  sense (or meaning) of a word  (or lexeme)  as it appears in a dictionary. Also known as semantic meaning, denotative meaning, and central meaning. Contrast with grammatical meaning  (or structural meaning). The branch of linguistics thats concerned with the study of lexical meaning is called lexical semantics. Examples and Observations There is no necessary congruity between the structural and lexical meanings of a word. We can observe a congruity of these meanings, for example, in the word cat, where both structural and lexical meaning refer to an object. But often the structural and lexical meanings of a word act in different or even diametrically opposite directions. For example, the structural meaning of protection refers to an object, while its lexical meaning refers to a process; and conversely, the structural meaning of (to) cage refers to a process, while its lexical meaning refers to an object. The tension between structural and lexical meanings I call the antinomy between grammar and the lexicon... The essential aspect of the interrelation between structural and lexical meanings is that lexical meanings constrain grammatical rules. Yet, in stating the laws of grammar we must abstract from the lexical constraints on the rules of grammar of individual languages. The laws of grammar cannot be stated in terms of the lexical constraints on the rules of grammar of individual languages. These requirements are captured in the following law: Law of Autonomy of Grammar From the Lexicon The meaning of the structure of a word or a sentence is independent of the meanings of the lexical signs that instantiate this structure. (Sebastian Shaumyan, Signs, Mind, and Reality. John Benjamins, 2006) The Sense Enumeration Model The most orthodox model of lexical meaning is the monomorphic, sense enumeration model, according to which all the different possible meanings of a single lexical item are listed in the lexicon as part of the lexical entry for the item. Each sense in the lexical entry for a word is fully specified. On such a view, most words are ambiguous. This account is the simplest conceptually, and it is the standard way dictionaries are put together. From the perspective of a typed theory, this view posits many types for each word, one for each sense. . . . While conceptually simple, this approach fails to explain how some senses are intuitively related to each other and some are not. . . . Words or, perhaps more accurately, word occurrences that have closely related senses are logically polysemous, while those that do not receive the label accidentally polysemous or simply homonymous. . . . Bank is a classic example of an accidentally polysemous word . . .. On the other hand, lunch, bill, and city are classified as logically polysemous. (Nicholas Asher,  Lexical Meaning in Context: A Web of Words. Cambridge University Press, 2011) The Encyclopedic View Some, though by no means all, semanticists have proposed that lexical meanings are encyclopedic in character (Haiman 1980; Langacker 1987).  The encyclopedic view of  lexical meaning is  that there is no sharp dividing line between that part of a words meaning which is strictly linguistic (the dictionary view of lexical meaning) and that part which is nonlinguistic knowledge about the concept. While this dividing line is difficult to maintain, it is clear that some semantic properties are more central to a words meaning than others, particularly those properties that apply to (almost) all and only the instances of the kind, which are intrinsic to the kind, and which are conventional knowledge of (almost) all of the speech community (Langacker 1987: 158-161). (William Croft, Lexical and Grammatical Meaning.  Morphologie / Morphology, ed. by  Geert Booij et al.  Ã‚  Walter de Gruyter,  2000) The Lighter Side of Lexical Meaning Special Agent Seeley Booth: Im glad that you apologized to the Canadian. Im proud of you, Bones. Dr. Temperance Bones Brennan: I didnt apologize. Special Agent Seeley Booth: I thought . . .. Dr. Temperance Bones Brennan: The word apology derives from the Ancient Greek apologia, which means a speech in defense. When I defended what I said to him, you told me that wasnt a real apology. Special Agent Seeley Booth: Why dont you think of a word that means you feel bad for making someone else feel bad? Dr. Temperance Bones Brennan: Contrite. Special Agent Seeley Booth: Ah! Dr. Temperance Bones Brennan: From the Latin contritus meaning crushed by a sense of sin. Special Agent Seeley Booth: There. Thats it. Contrite. Okay, Im happy that you contrited to the Canadian. (David Boreanaz and Emily Deschanel in The Feet on the Beach. Bones, 2011)

Life Mission Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Life Mission Statement - Essay Example In his life, Jesus preached about the necessity of being poor in the heart in the beatitudes. Matthew (5.3) states that â€Å"happy are the poor in spirit, for there is the Kingdom of God†, a verse that has inspired my mission. Each day I sleep I dream about a society that is humble and one that seeks shelter in Jesus Christ rather than one that clings on the worldly materials. My vision is to see that this dream come true by remaining committed to the life of Jesus Christ. My vision is large and can only be aided by those sent by Jesus. I will work within a non-profit and assist with building the foundation of the organization and developing the plan to serve the community. I will lead youth and seniors in a direction that will render them capable. Through the spirit of the word, I will empower them to become leaders of Christ, to join in the work of the preaching and spreading the gospel. It is with great humbleness that I recognize the God given talent of preaching that I possess. I feel that this is a talent that God gave me purposely, and one that I must cultivate on and use in in the service to the community. I plan to develop this talent by delving in deep understanding of the bible and building a religious tradition within my life style. Having spent a good part of my life in the church, serving God in various capacities, I have learnt the power of preaching and recognized the need to join in this vocation towards the development of a knowledgeable society. I intend to start this mission within my family by developing a family that supports the work of Jesus Christ. I want to create a family that embeds its value on justice, love, care and support for the other in the community. To be an exemplary family, it is important to lead by good actions within the community that I live in. By being kind to others and expressing compassion to other in the society, we shall provide an

Stress Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Stress Management - Assignment Example In fact, Statistics from the American Institute of Stress cited by Seaward (2013) shows that approximately 43 percent of grown-ups experience unpleasant consequences in terms of their health owing to stress. This paper explicates the relationship between stress and nutrition. The phrase You are what you eat is a common slogan today. In laymans terms, this phrase denotes the fact that the health status of human beings is directly related to the quantity and quality of food they consume. In other words, consumption of insufficient amounts of food and of poor quality can affect the health of an individual. In reference to stress, food can either cause stress or can therapeutically alleviate and prevent stress from the body (Bargir, 2013). Obesity and overweight as explicated by Tomiyama et-al (2010) is a common problem particularly in developed countries such as the US. To support this postulation, Tomiyama et-al (2010) notes that approximately one-third of adult individuals in the US are struggling with obesity. Due to the health effects associated with overweight and obesity, a great proportion of these individuals are continuously trying to lose weight. A common trend to achieving this is depriving the body sufficient amounts of food in an effort to reduce caloric intake. Tomiyama et-al (2010) argues that withdrawal from a diet educes depressing feelings or sentiments. Subsequently, feelings of hopelessness, decreased levels of confidence, and a bad temper may also arise, and these are common indicators of stress. Withdrawal from a regular diet also elevates the production of a stress hormone referred to as cortisol in the body (Tomiyama et-al, 2010). Though there are issues relating to nutrition that can elevate stress levels, stress itself can conversely affect nutrition. The Stress Management Society and Bodychef (n.d) assert that stress can lead to poor food consumption practices. For instance, incidences of stress

Adaptive Strategy and Business Sustainability Essay

Adaptive Strategy and Business Sustainability - Essay Example The changes in the environmental conditions necessitate changes in the strategies made. The adaptability to the environment changes is essential for the stability of the operations. The environment or the environmental changes provide opportunities as well as pose threats. The opportunities and the threats are analyzed in relation to the strengths and weaknesses in the system and organization. The key features of the Burgelman’s 3 stage model deals with the adaptive strategies which are useful in understanding the process and dynamics associated with the strategic decision making in an increasingly fast paced business environments. The ANZ Banking Group Limited is a leading company in banking and financial service sector in Australia and New Zeeland. To lend focus to the study, we have considered all the recent major developments in the operations of the company in relation to application of the conceptual framework. The main arguments are related to application of technology in the business and expansion activities of the company which have direct impact on the growth. Based on the analysis and assessment, conclusion is arrived at as to how successful the organization has been in decision making by applying the conceptual frameworks associated with induced and autonomous strategy and other features of the model. Failure to adapt to the developments in the technological front in the initial stages has been rectified through strategic management decisions later. However, its expansion strategy is not in the right direction and needs to be reoriented. Based on the analysis, it is recommended that the expansion activities should not be restricted to a particular region by stating reasons for the proposal. The company’s expansion strategy focusing mainly on Asian countries needs to be revisited as it should be on global basis. Adaptive Strategy and Business Sustainability – A Report on Rational and Adaptive Strategy Table of Contents Introducti on 3 Burgelman’s Strategy Dynamics Model 4 Economic environment 5 Technological innovations 7 Introduction of new products and services 9 Customer relationship Management 10 Political and Social environment 10 Human Resources Development 11 Stakeholders’ interest 12 Other factors 13 Leadership qualities 14 Culture of the organization 14 Corporate social responsibility 14 Adaptive strategies 15 Latest developments and growth 16 Managerial discretion 18 Internal control 19 Conclusion 19 Recommendations 20 References 22 Appendices Appendix – I 25 Introduction Strategic decision making is complex in nature and there are several environmental factors required to be taken into account in the formal decision making process. In the framework called as evolutionary organization theory, decision making towards adaptive strategy relevant to stakeholders, requires the conceptual understanding of the environmental changes that are continuously taking place. This enables the management to evolve conceptual framework incorporating autonomous initiatives and other relevant features for applying an appropriate model. Strategic planning in any setup is a dynamic process and it is susceptible to alterations or modifications in tune with the environmental factors which could be internal or external.    â€Å"While process research proliferated into a diverse field, its founding concern was to confront the rational actor model or choice perspective, with a more collective and socialized view of strategy making† (Schmid et al, 2010, p. 146) The strategies of adaptability for operations in tune with the changing conditions in the environment give stability to the enterprise. In this paper the application of strategy,

Environmental Impact of Fossil Fuels

Environmental Impact of Fossil Fuels The pollution of large combustion plants comes from fossil fuel such as: coal, oil (petroleum) and natural gas Fossil fuel: have been formed from the remains of organisms which lived hundred of millions of years a go. There are three main types of fossil fuel: Coil, oil (petroleum) and natural gas. Coil was formed from the remains of tree and plants which grew in swamps. Oil it is formed from the sea, the sea contains many tiny animals and plants called plankton, they get their energy to live and multiply from sunlight. When they die they sink to the bottom of the sea. Those that died millions of years ago, form oil and gas which are the main sources of fuel. Natural gas is mainly made up of methane, which is given off by anaerobic bacteria breaking down some of the organic matter which formed oil and coal. Fossil fuels are burned to producing energy, Pollution is defined as the contamination of air, water or soil by materials that interfere with human health, the quality of life, or the natural functioning of ecosystems. Air pollution is the pollution of the atmosphere by emissions from industrial plants, incinerators, internal combustion engines and other sources. Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are substances directly produced by a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption or the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust. Secondary pollutants are not emitted. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ozone-one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog. (Pepper, I.L C.P Gerba M. L Brusseau. 1996) Source Large combustion Plants refers to the coal power station, Oil refinery, natural gas processing plant and others Coal power plant Coal is composed of carbon, sulphur, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. In a coal power station pollutants are formed by the burning of the fossil fuel coal. Burning coal at high temperature will produce oxides of nitrogen. Inside the coal are compounds of sulphur and nitrogen. These originate from the dead organisms that make up the coal. When the coal is burnt the Sulphur and Nitrogen is oxidised producing SOX and NOX, which are released into the atmosphere as primary pollutants. The NOX produced from combusting the Nitrogen in the coal is called fuel NOX. There is also NOX produced by the combustion of Oxygen and Nitrogen in the air. This is known as thermal NOX.  (Peirce, J.F R.F.Weiner P.A. Vesilind.1998) When a fuel burns, it reacts with oxygen to form oxides.   If the fuel burns completely, then all the carbon in it is turned into carbon dioxide which is slightly acidic.   If there is not much air available, the carbon may be turned into carbon monoxide, which is a very poisonous gas. The main primary pollutants created by a coal fired power station are NOx, SOx and VOCs. Sulphur oxides are created from the burning of the coal. Coal naturally contains sulphur, the amount of which varies depending on which organisms created the coal. When the coal is burnt, so also is the sulphur. When a fuel burns, it reacts with oxygen to form oxides.  If the fuel burns completely, then all the carbon in it is turned into carbon dioxide which is slightly acidic.   If there is not much air available, the carbon may be turned into carbon monoxide, which is a very poisonous gas. The carbon dioxide released by the coal power plant causes climate change and global warming, coal fire power plants are the main contributor to co2 in the air. Proteins in living organisms contain nitrogen. When coal burns, Nox is formed in the following ways: When nitrogen bound in the coal is released and combines with oxygen to form fuel Nox.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  When high combustion temperatures break apart stable nitrogen molecules in the air which then recombine with oxygen to form thermal NOx.    Primary pollutants formed in a coal fired power plants are: Nox formed at high temperature and pressure of the combustion causes the atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen to react. VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) produced when unburnt hydrocarbons are released through the chimney of the furnace. Carbon monoxide is a gas formed as a by-product during the incomplete combustion of all fossil fuels. Exposure to carbon monoxide can cause headaches and place additional stress on people with heart disease.   Sulphur dioxide mostly comes from the burning of coal or oil in power plants. Sulphur dioxide reacts in the atmosphere to form acid rain and particles.  And is also a major contributor to photochemical smog. Nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides are important constituents of acid rain. These gases combine with water vapour in clouds to form sulphuric and nitric acids, which become part of rain and snow. As the acids accumulate, lakes and rivers become too acidic for plant and animal life. (Peirce, J.F R.F.Weiner P.A. Vesilind.1998)             Impact Coal Fired Power Stations Coal-fired power stations are major sources of pollution. The extensive use of coal is because there is a lot of it around. Although it produces pollutants coal is an important fuel for some considerable time to come.   A coal-fired power station has three main inputs: coal, cooling water pure water to use in steam turbines. The main outputs are electricity, waste heat, CO2, SOx, NOx and ash. Fossil fuels are also linked to the decrease of air quality. Clean air is essential to life and good health. Several important pollutants are produced by fossil fuel combustion: carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, and hydrocarbons. In addition, total suspended particulates contribute to air pollution, and nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons can combine in the atmosphere to form tropospheric ozone, the major constituent of smog. Coal-fired power stations are responsible for the diffusion of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere must be carefully balanced to maintain the greenhouse effect, which is what keeps the surface of the earth warm enough to support life. Like all things in nature a change in one part of the environment can result in changes in another.    The effect of increased greenhouse gases in the environment is that the temperature of the atmosphere is expected to increase. It is predicted by some scientists that this temperature increase could result in the following: The destruction of ecosystems such as the Great Barrier Reef. A change in the worlds weather patterns, resulting in an increase in both intensity and frequency of storms, cyclones, floods and droughts. The melting of glaciers and polar ice. Rising sea levels resulting in the permanent flooding of vast areas. Economies may be affected by the destruction of crops and industry.   The effect of releasing gaseous acids into the atmosphere, as a result of modern lifestyles, results in Acid Rain and more serious Global Warming. The effects of global warming is of such great concern that many nations agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.   Mining the coal that is to be used in the generation of electricity results in the destruction of the environment. Water systems can be threatened from the run-off as a result of the washing of coal. The pollution that is caused by the means of acid rain can have a variety of effects on the environment that are mostly negative such as; acid rain being a form of chemical weathering on buildings that are constructed from limestone or marble.   Acid rain can also contaminate water supplies by dissolving the lead and copper pipes which transport the water to houses and other buildings. Another effect of acid rain is the pollution that is caused on lakes and reservoirs killing most of the wildlife, this includes trees plants and animal habitats    Acid rain also affects rivers and lakes, as the acidity levels go up, the pH level falls. With the pH of water below 4.5 most fish will die, this will have a detrimental effect on wildlife as if the fish die the birds that feed on the fish will also die. SOx emissions All living organisms contain compounds of sulphur which are the origin of the sulphur found in coal. When coal burns, the sulphur compounds are converted to oxides of sulphur. Sulphur Dioxide exposure can affect people who suffer from asthma or emphysema by making it more difficult to breathe. It can also irritate peoples eyes, noses, and throats. Sulphur dioxide can harm trees and crops, damage buildings, and make it harder for people to see long distance. NOx Emissions The flue gases in the power station contain oxides of nitrogen (NOx). This is because fuels contain compounds of nitrogen formed from the proteins contained in organisms. When the fuel is burnt, these nitrogen compounds are oxidised to form fuel NOx .At the high temperature of combustion, atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen combine to form thermal   NOx High levels of nitrogen dioxide exposure can give people cough and can make them fell short of breath. People who are exposed to nitrogen dioxide for long time have a higher chance of getting respiration infection. Acid rain can hurt plants and animals, and can make lakes dangerous to swim or fish in Nitrogen dioxide also reacts with the oxygen or hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight to form an irritating photochemical. Carbon monoxide carbon monoxide makes it hard for body parts to get the oxygen they need to run correctly. Exposure to carbon monoxide makes people fell dizzy and tired and gives them headaches. Ozone near the ground can cause a number of health problems. Ozone can lead to more frequent asthma attacks in people who have asthma and can cause sore throats, cough breathing difficult. It may even lead to premature death. Ozone can also hurt plants and crops. When the ozone in the stratosphere is destroyed, people are exposed to more radiation from the sun (ultraviolet radiation). This can lead to skin cancer and eye problems. Higher ultraviolet radiation can also harm plants and animals    Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): causes eye irritation, respiratory irritation, some are carcinogenic, and decreased visibility due to blue-brown haze Advantages Very large amounts of electricity can be generated in one place using coal, fairly cheaply. Transporting oil and gas to the power stations is easy. Gas-fired power stations are very efficient. A fossil-fuelled power station can be built almost anywhere, so long as you can get large quantities of fuel to it. Didcot power station, in Oxfordshire, has its own rail link to supply the coal. Disadvantages Coal is not a renewable resource. Coal-fire power stations create pollution. Mining coal damages the environment. During the production of electricity carbon dioxide is released, increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The main drawback of fossil fuel is pollution. Burning any fossil fuel produces carbon dioxide, which contributes to the greenhouse effect warming the Earth. Burning coal produces more carbon dioxide than burning oil or gas. It also produces sulphur dioxide, a gas that contributes to acid rain. this can be reduced before releasing the waste gases into atmosphere. Mining coal can be difficult and dangerous. Strip mining destroy large areas of the landscape. Coal-power stations need huge amounts of fuel, which means train-loads of coal almost constantly. In order to cope with changing demands for power, the station needs reserves. This means covering a large area of countryside next to the power station with piles of coal Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide are also produced in these emissions and can produce acid rain. (Peirce, J.F R.F.Weiner P.A. Vesilind.1998) Monitoring Pollution Pollution is measured to ensure that the air quality are not exceeded Monitoring air pollution When monitoring air pollution it is important to know or decide what pollutants are to be monitored, where they should be monitored, what instruments are to be used for that purpose and what kind of weather base needs to be collected, and it is also important to figure out how many stations are necessary to meet this goal. Carbon monoxide is typically measured by using an infrared gas analyzer. With this instrument the absorption of infrared radiation by carbon monoxide in the sample air stream is compared with absorption in a reference gas of known carbon monoxide concentration. This method allows continuous non-destructive measurement of carbon monoxide in the sampled air Sulphur dioxide is generally measured by ultraviolet emission spectrometers. This approach is based on the principle that sulphur dioxide emits a measurable flux of radiation when irradiated with intense UV from a light source in the spectrometer. Nitrogen oxides are measured by chemiluminescence. Tow sequential chemical reactions involving ozone are used. First, NO is measured, then NO2. Infrared radiation is emitted during oxidation of NO to NO2 by ozone introduced into the instrument. The amount of radiation produced is proportional to the NO concentration in the air stream. To measure NO2, a catalyst is used to reduce all NO2 in the air stream to NO, whose subsequence reaction with ozone permits the indirect determination of NO2 Ozone concentration are generally measured by using a UV absorption spectrophotometer, although chemiluminescent-type instruments are also used. Various no-methane hydrocarbons are measured using such instruments as a gas chromatograph. Hydrocarbons are generally more difficult to measure than most other pollutants, and often require greater operator involvement in the measurement process (Pepper, I.L C.P Gerba M. L Brusseau. 1996) Monitoring of air quality has been undertaken by scientists for several years. The air taken into the sampler is drawn first through a white filter paper, on which any smoke present leaves a deposit as a stain a; greater or lesser blackness. It then passes through a reagent solution which traps any sulphur dioxide present and converts it to sulphuric acid. After a weeks sampling the seven sets of smoke stain and reagent bottle are brought to the laboratory for analysis. The smoke is determined by measuring instrumentally the loss of reflectance of the once-white filter papers, the reflectance values being convened into equivalent smoke concentrations from a standard calibration graph. The sulphur dioxide is measured by careful titration of the very weak acid solutions, followed by calculation of the results. They also monitor air quality throughout the district, using diffusion tubes and the air quality monitoring station. Contaminated land is a key project for the service, with the production of a contaminated land strategy. Monitoring gaseous emissions from soil and land fill Soils play an important role in controlling back ground concentrations of most air pollutants. Soil can either emit or take up from the atmosphere many trace gases, including NOx, N2O, CO2, and CH4. In general there are three different approaches to measure gas fluxes between soil, and the atmosphere and these are: Chamber approaches, micrometeorological approaches, and soil profile approaches. Monitoring of tropospheric pollutants    When monitoring tropospheric pollutants, an important step is to know which pollutants are present in the troposphere and how their concentrations vary. Chemists monitor the concentrations of tropospheric pollutants, to study patterns and learn about the rate at which certain reactions will take place in certain conditions    Studying individual reactions in the laboratory   To make predictions about pollution, chemists need to know what reactions take place and how quickly they occur. Many of these reactions involve broken down fragments of molecules called radicals. Reactions with radicals happen very quickly but other reactions happen very slowly. Chemists measure the length of time of these reactions to predict the rate at which a reaction will proceed for any set of conditions.    Modelling Studies      The information on rates of reactions is used in computer simulation studies to reproduce and predict the behaviour of pollutants during a smog episode. The more accurate the information used, the more closely the model simulates the observed behaviour.    Smog Chamber Solutions   These are laboratory experiments on a large scale. Primary pollutants are mixed in a huge clear plastic bag called a smog chamber and exposed to sunlight under carefully controlled conditions. Probes monitor the concentrations of various species as the photochemical smog builds up. The chamber has to be big to minimise any surface effects where the reactions take place on the walls of the container instead of the gas phase. Chemists monitor pollutants to find out exactly what pollutants are involved in smog formation, and how they vary in concentration. These changes in concentration can show changes in the atmosphere, for example the presence of sunlight.    Chemists study reactions to see which pollutants react with which. Most importantly, to see which radicals are formed where, because they are very reactive, and cause a lot of atmospheric reactions. The speed of these reactions needs to be measured to understand how fast substances are being made and destroyed.    Chemists can makes models of situations, to predict what will happen in the future. One such model is smog chamber simulations. These are huge plastic bags which are exposed to sunlight under controlled conditions. Analytical probes monitor the concentrations of different gases as the photochemical smog forms. Control One of the Methods for controlling air pollution include removing the hazardous material before it is used, removing the pollutant after it is formed, or altering the process so that the pollutant is not formed or occurs only at very low levels. Industrially emitted particulates may be trapped in cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, and filters. Pollutant gases can be collected in liquids or on solids, or incinerated into harmless substances.   The best way to control pollution is to control level of carbon emissions released into the atmosphere Using coal with low sulphur content    Power plants can use coal with low sulphur content.   As a result, less sulphur dioxide will be produced and the amount of sulphur dioxide in the flue gas will be significantly reduced.    Install scrubbers in power plants   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Power plants can install scrubbers to reduce the amount of sulphur dioxide in the flue gas.   The principle of how scrubbers can remove sulphur dioxide are given below:       Dry Scrubber   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Calcium oxide reacts with sulphur dioxide in the flue gas, forming insoluble calcium sulphite which is then filtered out in the flue gas.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   CaO(s) + SO2(g)   CaSO3(s)       Wet Scrubber   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Calcium oxide is first allowed to react with water, forming calcium hydroxide.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   CaO(s) + H2O(1)   Ca(OH)2(aq)   Calcium hydroxide then reacts with sulphur dioxide in the flue gas, forming water and calcium sulphite.   Calcium sulphite is then filtered out.      Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Ca(OH)2(aq) + SO2(g)   CaSO3(s) + H2O(1) (  Barret.R and F. Feates. 1994) Install electrostatic precipitator in power plants: Power plants can install electrostatic precipitator to reduce the amount of particulates in the flue gas.   Flue gas passes through the electrostatic precipitator.   The particulates in the flue gas are attracted by the electric field and then removed from the electrode.    Control the temperature in the combustion chamber: The amount of nitrogen oxides released can be reduced by reducing flame temperature and availability of oxygen in the combustion zone.   But the flame temperature cannot be too low, which would cause incomplete combustion and produce carbon monoxide.    The limestone process The other main way of reducing SOx emissions is to react them with calcium carbonate to produce gypsum for the building trade. This is a hassle as it has to compete with other brands, and be marketed. NOx emissions Coal fired power stations used to get the flames as hot as possible to increase the yield, but as the rate of reaction increases as temperature increases, the amount of thermal NOx (produced from the nitrogen and oxygen combining), increases to get the flames hottest the coal was powdered and mixed with an excess of air. Low NOx burners There is this type of burner, where the injection of air is controlled, so the flames are not as hot. This significantly lowers the production of NOx. Gas reburns The injection of ethane and methane (natural gas) reacts with NOx to produce nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapour. CH4 (g) + 4NO2 (g) à   2N2 (g) + CO2 (g) + 2H2O(g) Some of the alkanes will not react, and carbon monoxide is produced as a result of incomplete combustion. CH4 à   CO + H2O The alkanes and CO are then reacted with air to combust them completely. This oxidation is exothermic and so produces heat that contributes to the generation of electricity. (Barret.R and F. Feates. 1994) Conclusion Fossil fuels, like coal, oil, and natural gas, provide the energy that powers our lifestyles and our economy. One of the main uses of fossil fuels is: to generate electricity, fuel cars, and to heat or cool buildings Fossil fuel is one of humanitys most important sources of energy. Fossil fuel plays a major role in our economy and many of our current technology have been developed with fossil fuel in mind. However burning fossil fuel is damaging the Earths environment with the release of pollution to the atmosphere. In addition ecosystems are becoming damaged by the extraction of fossil fuel. Fossil fuels impact the environment greatly; carbon dioxide emissions contribute to harmful global warming and climate change. Inefficient burning of fossil fuels results in the production of carbon monoxide, which is a very harmful and poisonous gas.   Inhalation of this gas is likely to cause death as it interferes with the transport of oxygen in the blood stream Combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas produces gases such as nitrogen oxides, which cause acid rain.