Orwells Newspeak And Influence On Modern Days

Orwells Newspeak And Influence On Modern Days subsequently the arrest of two World Wars and Cold War, George Orwell realized the peril of imperialism and of misled socialism/socialism, and then he decided to warn the feasibility of undemocraticism. In addition, he observed the voice communication utilization from his contemporary period, and he dissolved the dustup corruption as a tool of undemocratic regime, occasiond for impression nurse got. Orwell formd the rollick of Newspeak in real world particularly during the wartimes because the setting of the tonic is more than extreme than the situation of present. As Orwells prediction on the military issue of totalitarianism and of Newspeak, in that location argon lots of linguistic phe nary(prenominal)ena around us. The realisation of Newspeak in xix Eighty-Four implies the continuous existence of actors termination manipulation in the future in the evolved ways.Key voice communication George Orwell cardinal Ei ghty-Four NewspeakIntroduction of George OrwellEric Arthur Blair, whose penitentiary name is George Orwell, was born in India. After graduation, he instituteed as the Indian majestic Police in Burma for five years. Under the combination of the experience in Burma and the twist of his father, who served the British Empire as well, he had certain a signifi flowerpott hatred toward Imperialism. After the service as Imperial Police, he returned to England and experienced the life in slums. Based on his in the flesh(predicate) experience, he started to dis aforementioned(prenominal)(p) in all kinds of authorities. Then he joined the Spanish Civil War, and thither he lay down the ugliness of authorities. The greatness of George Orwell is that he dissolves e genuinely idea and experience in his works he draw outes a satire on Russia chthonic Stalin in unrivaled of his master piece, zoology Farm he depicts the risk of exposure and the feasibility of totalitarian regime in an smart(prenominal) representative work, 19 Eighty-Four. For these apprehensions, George Orwell re chief(prenominal)s st severely around us as a great printr.Introduction of Nineteen Eighty-fourThe setting of this story is an complex quantity world divided into troika superpower countries Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia. These three countries argon perpetually in the situation of the confrontation against each other. Among these countries, Orwell specially picked out Oceania that resembles the contemporary Britain as a setting of the story in narrate to make readers concentrate on the story by signature the sympathy, which is ca apply by the standardized background. Oceania is a country ruled by star party, whose name is uncertain and is just described as the troupe in the book. At the top of this country, there is a man called as full-grown comrade, who the raft do not discern whether he really exists or not, however, the citizenry in Oceania could not doubt his existenc e, unless go along his banters blindly. As a result, everything in Oceania goes around Big Brother and the companionship, and multitude always obey their orthodoxy. If there is a person who does not follow the mold or rebel against it, he or she go away evaporate without both traces. The totalitarian character of the Party is also shown very all the way at the beginning of the story. The story starts on a bright chilly day in April (Orwell 3), however, it is impossible to observe that special-maybe peculiar weather in England in April. Orwell makes use of this kind of trick to create the disharmony of the background, and in conclusion he intends to deepen the potential uneasiness, which is spread through Oceania.This singularity confederacy is ruled by four major g overnment agencies the Ministry of Peace, Ministry of Love, Ministry of Plenty, and the Ministry of Truth. Winston Smith, a booster dose of Nineteen Eighty-Four, constantly fabricates the history and cuts off the past(a) from the present as a worker at the Ministry of Truth. While he is working, he confronts umteen features that argon against the doctrine of the Party. Then he starts to feel uncomfortable astir(predicate) the existence of the Party, has the hatred toward Big Brother in confidence, and is curious somewhat the social mechanism with its motive so that he starts a journal as an attitude of defiance. One day, at work, Winston meets two important characters, who influenced him a lot iodine is Julia, who becomes his chi rumper later onward, and starts an affair, which violates the doctrine of the Party the other one is OBrien, who is regarded as a sort of his company no takings he is an enemy or an associate and gives Winston the veto book written by Emanuel Goldsteinthe most influential traitor in Oceania. Through the affair, he becomes very glad for a reason that he violates the orthodoxy of the Party-all form of love and verity surrounded by individuals are prohibited, instead, all of them should be toward Big Brother and the Party Through reading, he becomes very pleased, for he views how the society proceeds to corruption. Finally, Julia and Winston are captured and tortured. The declare oneself of their torture is not to rebuke their insubordination but to re-education them into love Big Brother and the Party without any doubt. After the torture, two of them are broken in spirit so that when they meet on the path by chance, they can not feel the love to each other. On a sunny day in April, Winston feels love for Big Brother and realizes that he is finally cured.By the protagonist, Winston Smith, it is shown that people in Oceania are always watched whenever and wherever they are, and that the Party does not stop doing propaganda and implements several policies in tack to brainwash the nations. The totalitarian evidence, where we watch through Winstons eyes, seems more than more flagitious than people expect. The author disc loses the unrealized facts how danger the totalitarianism is by dramatically blown-up conditions in the young. Unfortunately, for a long time, Nineteen Eighty-Four had been misunderstand as an anti- communist fiction, as Orwells former publication Animal Farm was regarded as a condemnation against Socialism, which applied the Soviet Union as a model. Yet, in Why I economise, which was written before Nineteen Eighty-Four, Orwell confessed that every line of serious work that I mystify written since 1936 has been written, in a flash or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism (Orwell 314) In addition, he give tongue to eyepatch he experienced imperialism, Hitler, Totalitarianism, and the Spanish Civil War, and so on he found some lies to disclose and some facts to draw attention. From these evidences, it is shown that Orwell wrote this novel under completely public-spirited (Orwell 316), not tho in order to expose the justice that people did not or could not recognize before-for example, the misleading fact of peoples understanding toward Russia under Stalin, or Japan during the warfare, but also in order to give people a pattern for potential danger of totalitarian society.Orwell and NewspeakBefore analyzing the relationship between Orwell and Newspeak, it should be better to know the behind-the-scenes story of Nineteen Eighty-Fours own. In wartime, it was very common that roughly all of European-not plainly the left horizontal also the right, did not understand clearly what Socialist exactly is. They confused the meaning of the terms oftentimes(prenominal) as Socialism, collectivism, and Stalinism, and treated all of them as the same notion. What was worse, they did not regain flaws of so called Socialism, but just drew applause to everything repaird to it, curiously the Soviet Union. On this widespread social phenomenon all around Europe, Orwell became alerted and started to write Nineteen Eighty-Four, which ref lected and exaggerated the contemporary socialistic state. Actually to Orwell it was neither a socialistic problem nor a communistic one. To be more diminutive, the ill polity was totalitarianism, which could cover both political imaginations. Consequently, he decided to write the novel found on his experience and understanding round it, in order to disclose the real picture of totalitarianism. From this perspective, the mechanism in the novel reflects on the contemporary situation. Newspeak is no exception to this rule. For this reason, newspeak can not be treated as an invented tool by Orwell in order to express how horrible the totalitarian state is at all, but an already existed and honest policy in the real world.In the short run, Orwell named the contemporary abuse voice communication planning as Newspeak. Furthermore, in the novel he exaggerated its related policy to the extreme degree in order to maximize its function dramatically. Because of extremely exaggerated ne wspeak, it is easily and clearly found that there are some more reasons of applying newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-Four, except its principal(prenominal) purpose-to show the fear of totalitarianism.To begin with, Orwell designed Newspeak to indicate the hap of damage of the incline spoken communication by external factors, especially politics. In political sympathies and the side Language, Orwell stated the interrelationship between language and peoples activity. He believed if peoples imagination becomes degraded, so does the language people used, and its process could reverse. At the same time, he also mentioned the language did not naturally change, but was shaped by peoples own intentions and ways of sentiment. From this aspect, it is shown the problematical politics intentionally make the language corrupt in order to pollute peoples way of thinking, and even more peoples life style could be led astray.Secondly, as the mentioned above, newspeak is the product of Orwells e xperience. During the warfare, he observed many linguistic abuses not sole(prenominal) by socialistic presidency but also by the proclaimed democratic/ democracy governments. Through the intended misusages of language in politics, Orwell purposed to awaken people not to unconsciously be involved in speaking, writing and thinking in the way the rulers guided.The overstated description of newspeak makes Orwells intention oftentimes explicitly. The explanation of newspeak both in the story and the appendix is in harmony with other totalitarian devices so that the author not alone can emphasize the main purpose of the story but also can express warning to the corruption of English language.Purpose of the StudyThis paper is mainly about newspeak not besides in George Orwells novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four, but also in the real world. First, the get hold of shall be examined the relation between Orwell and Newspeak. After this, based on the premise that language has a political dimensi on, it pull up stakes be inquired into the applied example of newspeak from past to present, and be defined how the way of development newspeak has been changed. By this examination, not completely how deeply newspeak has infiltrated into our daily life and how it influence peoples way to think in subconscious but also how newspeak is passing to develop and apply to real world in the future go away be lighted.Literature ReviewRelationship between Language, Perception, and PoliticsThe reason for the great reputation about Nineteen Eighty-four is Orwell not only expresses a savage and bitter critiques of new-made times, a scarring denunciation of our nose candy and some of its corrupt practices and existing institutions, but implies the feasibility of totalitarian state and the feasible execution of its administration tools. As he predicted, the described policies and devices in the novel sire gradually filtered into peoples daily life. Therefore, more and more scholars and re searchers hire begun to take an interest in the totalitarian features remaining around people. Among them the study on Newspeak has taken on renewed importance in juvenile days. Much interest has been aroused in the relationship between language, military personnel perception, and politics, because Newspeak is based on Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Unless the hypothesis is not established, Newspeak cannot exist without newspeak, the danger of totalitarian state could not maximize.Related to the basic plan of Newspeak, the existence and requisite of political correctness language is suggested by taking the example of reservation a distinction between impairment and disability, which results in granting more toilet facility to the disabled by drawing others attention to the variation between these two spoken language. As Orwell, the idea that the distinguishable use of language changes peoples perception, and that this interaction produces the casualty of the language in political usage is taken a quantity forward (Jones and Wareing 36). The related idea, which penetrates the core of newspeakthe interrelationship among language, perception and politicsis mentioned by Chomsky and OteroThere is a tenuous relationship, in fact several different kinds. I think myself that theyre exaggerated in importance. There is in the root tramp the question discussed, for example, by Orwell and by a number of others of how language is abused, tortured, tingeed, in a way to enforce ideological goals. A upright example would be the switch in the name of the Pentagon from the War division to the Defense Department in 1947. As soon as that happened, any purviewful person should bring understood that the United States would be no longer be engaged in defense. In would only be engaged in aggressive war. That was disguise that fact. Terms identical the liberate world and the national interest and so on are clear terms of propaganda. One shouldnt take them seriously for a moment. They are designed, a great deal very consciously, in order to try to block thought and understanding. (Chomsky and Otero 471)Meanwhile, Joseph comprehensively deals with its relations from the analysis on the assumption that the language is created in order to fulfill human beings political purpose to various issues related to what language should be spoken, whether the spread of a dominant language can competent to the transformation of power, and to who linguistic right should belong to, etc. With regard to the features of newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-four, he says its features, especially its political purpose, is not restrict to the characteristic of totalitarian language, and every using language is employed intentionally in various fields such as commercial, religion, and education, etc. (Joseph 120)Unfortunately, there is no overall cartel as to the interaction among language, perception and politics. Most of people, who refute to study on their interaction, ins ist language should be studied only as an entity on itself, without any other external factor. To those people, the collapse of fabianism in Central Europe in 1989 may give oftentimes room for argument, because the people from European communist countries was not indoctrinated in smart of the execution of thought control using language as a tool. However, the example they mentioned can be interpreted like this the circumstance of European communistic countries was not like the extreme totalitarian state in Oceania. The people in those countries could keep a touch with outside world. On that account, there exist several external factors behind the fall of Communism in Europe, and it can not be evaluated that the collapse of European communist countries is caused only be the fail of Newspeak. Anyway, language is used to express humans thought since its payoff. Then language has been closely connected with humans activities, and at the same time, as humans needs arises, lots of wor ds and thoughtfulnesss have been added and disappeared. As the result of this, human language has included sociological characteristic. In this sense, language possesses great influence on both humans psychic and physical activities, and vice versa as the concept of Orwells Newspeak.Evaluation of Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-fourWhile people agree with the feasibility of totalitarian state, there is a rich diversity of whimsy on the degree of Owells reflectivity on the enforced newspeak in the contemporary period. Young examines whether Orwell exaggerated the boundary of linguistic corruption in totalitarian societies both by the proportion between Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-four and its application to real world, especially Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic and by the analysis of its force on Soviet peoples subconscious. Meanwhile, Gerovitch conducts a specific study on the phenomena of newspeak in Soviet Union. His study concentrates on the newspeak of Soviet science in differ to the far-reaching range of Youngs research on the example, and then, the researcher evolves the main idea into the emergence of CyberNewspeak-the combination with Cyberspeak and newspeak, in Soviet Science. Because the present part is primarily the evaluation of newspeak in scope, I am choosing to ignore the study related to other things. There also exists the study on childrens early language scholarship feature with the concept of Newspeak. As the foregoing explanation, these studies estimate Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-four from various aspects.In detail, Young draws two reasonable conclusions after the scrutinized study on totalitarian language. First, there exist some similarities between the totalitarian language in real world and Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-four, aside from differences in ideological content (Young 230) both are uniform in the aim and the used ways for lookingthey share the similar intention to confirm the orthodoxy of the rulers, an d its goal is brought by euphemisms, superlatives, dehumanizing and abusive expressions (Young 230). Second, Orwells Newspeak is somewhat electric automobile and overall logical than totalitarian language in Nazi Germany and in German Democratic Republic. For reasons, Young concludes Orwells description of totalitarian language is as yet very accurate, and it is inevitable for the gap between the Orwellian model in the novel and the application in truth for different setting condition. quasi(prenominal) with Youngs view toward Newspeak, another study points out the limitation of Newspeak as novel device. It examines the failed redefinition of the meaning of independence in communist countries, which represents the limit of newspeak policy in real world. Particularly in Poland, the amalgamation of the meaning of freedom and the concept of newspeak failed because the Communists could not brace the economic element of the word. From the failure of redefining words like freedom or de mocracy, the study suggests two conditions for the realization of newspeak in reality language does changed, and it can change in response to political pressures-but only where the change fits meaningfully with the linguistic context has meaningful continuity with past usage, and looms large in shared experience. (Buchowski et al. 573). That is, Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-four moldiness change their shape in order to apply themselves into the matter-of-fact world, and it can be realized only under the rational situations. The first conclusion of the study is alike to Youngs one, while it expands it idea to giving what specific limited condition of applying Newspeak to reality.Lastly, there is the research on another feature of totalitarian language in Real World. Different from Orwell, Gerovitch focuses on the flexibility or else than the rigidity both of this ideological language and of Soviet Union (Gerovitch 13). In his opinion the upright use of newspeak allowed one to manip ulate ideology and to some extent, to define what was permitted in a Soviet context(Gerovitch 15). Newspeak in Soviet Union should have been pliant because newspeak words and expressions were applied to whenever needs to describe Soviet ideology. In this sense, newspeak should have change it meaning check to different purposes, conditions and contexts. As a result, according to Gerovitchs analysis, newspeak applied in real world has more flexibility, while newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-four is fixed in its meaning and use under ultimately controlled society.As the researcher above, with respect to Newspeak, there is general agreement that it mirrors the totalitarian language in the contemporary society to some extent, and that the difference between Newspeak as a novel device and the totalitarian language in the practical world is unavoidable because of the distinction between the imaginary world and reality. Besides, no one deny there still exists the possibility of the emergence o f Newspeak in the future.Analysis of NewspeakIn Nineteen Eighty-Four, the Party is bear upon the publication of 10th newspeak mental lexicon, and they expect the appearance of the complete newspeak system in Oceania in 2050. As readers of Nineteen Eighty-Four know, the two aims of the Party are to conquer the whole surface of the earth and to extinguish once and for all the possibility of independent thought (Orwell 223). The Party desires not only the control of materials but also the thorough surveilance of peoples inside, and newspeak is one of their innovative and tactic devices of the intellectual control. The concept of newspeak starts from the idea that peoples thoughts and their use of language are interacted. The Party uses the interrelation between the language and peoples thought in order that the transformation will be complete when the language is perfect because orthodoxy means not thinking-not needing to think. Orthodoxy is asphyxia (Orwell 61). In other words, ne wspeak is created to make the expression of anti-government feelings impossible, and eventually to follow the doctrine of the Party unconsciously.Then which characteristic of newspeak helps the complete reign of the Party over Oceania possible?Under the process of making newspeak, the English language in Oceania has faced five great changes, and their interplay makes the impact to the language maximize.First of all, the biggest feature of English used in Oceania is the changed intention of usage. As mentioned above, newspeak is made to give to achieve Ingsocs political goal, while beat English is for expressing and sharing ones thought. consort to the Party, English in Airstrip One is divided into three word groups and among them, the feature as the artificial language created in political purpose is vividly showed in B phrase words.The second change is that the English language has become more implicative than ever. It is because the Party summarizes various meanings into a few words, which are palatable to its principle, for securing their political legitimacy. Particularly, compound words in B vocabulary words show the political implication much noticeably rather than other newspeak terms. The terms, which have more implication than the past, distort the original meaning of the words with other vocabulary consisting of the affix/postfix and the word. To take the example of compound words in B vocabulary words, the Thought Police, which indicates a police officer who finds out the person thinking anti-government idea, consists of the word thought and police. In the past, the police officer did not relate with thoughtcrime. Yet, when the Party becomes to need to eliminate unorthodoxy, the word the Thought Police is created with the birth of the word thoughtcrime, which can point out anti-Big Brother concept. Meanwhile, un wakeless can be one of the most striking words, which not only include prefix in words form but also results in the vagueness of the w ords meaning because of its implication. In the case of ungood, it is made when the prefix un-, which means not, attaches in front of the word good. It is the antonym of good under the doctrine of Oceania. For prohibiting the expression of anti-government idea, the Party cuts out bad, which has the possibility to show the doctrine against Ingsoc. Thus after completing the process of newspeak, the exact notion of goodness and badness will disappear, because there are no accurate words to express what bad and good means, while there are only the word good and its antonym un-good. However, there exists slight difference between un-good and bad, which even the dictionary can not clearly demonstrate. As a result, the lack of precise way to express the words meaning, he or she only could use abstract description, which may evoke various kinds of interpretations by different people and leads the vagueness in meaning, if a person tries to explain what badness is. For this reason, Symes sayi ng that Standard English has more vagueness rather than newspeak seems wrong. Similar to Oldspeak, newspeak also is full of vagueness, however, the vagueness of newspeak is resulted only from political abuses while the imprecision of Standard English has various resources. another(prenominal) representative example, which has a prefix/suffix, is the title of four main government quarters the Ministry of Love, the Ministry of Plenty, the Ministry of Truth, and the Ministry of Peace. According to the order of newspeak, their abbreviations are Miniluv, Miniplenty, Minitrue, and Minipax. The abbreviation of every ministry of Oceania is combined with an prefix mini- and each afterward words abbreviation. Thus, in case of the Ministry of Truth-Winston Smiths work place, its name is combined with mini- and true. To account the meaning of this combined word, it seems to mean the minify truth, because the prefix mini- means small. According to this kind of interpretation, ironically, the ab breviation of each means explains what they do much clearly rather than the originally united words. It is because the actual work the Ministry of Truth do is concealing facts and distorting information, although its original name seems the place that offer the truth to people, Same as Miniture, Miniluv is the place that people are tortured, not encouraged to love each other Miniplenty represents not voluminousness but famine Minipax causes wars rather keeps worlds peace. Therefore, the English language in Oceania has more implication, which leads the vagueness of words meaning, and the vagueness in meaning and expression produce the corruption of the language.Thirdly, the English grammar becomes more regularized because simplified forms of words. In detail, in newspeak, there is no precise way to distinguish the difference between word fall apartes, because the Party removes one of them if two words share the same root no matter which class the word belongs to. For instance, th e verb think in Standard English is used both as a noun and as a verb at the same time according to the rule of newspeak. In this manner, the barriers among different words class has been taken down. Moreover, it becomes also very easy to transform words class. In the case of adverbs and adjectives, the stage of transformation is totally different from the case of nouns and verbs. (Some nouns and verbs are united into one word.) In newspeak, most of adjectives have the suffix -ful while adverbs got -wise. Thus, there are only a few adjectives, which has a strong meaning, left. For example, speedful and speedwise replace other similar words such as rapid, rapidly, and fast, etc. The pattern of strive change also contributes to the setting of the regularized grammar system. In Oceania, atypical verbs and nouns no longer exist. In final result, the form of every past tense changes that -d or -ed is attached after a noun or a verb, and it can be a plural form if -s or -es is added af ter a noun. Under the regularized grammar, peoples spiritual becomes simplified because they do not need to ask whether the word is an irregular one or not. Thus, the systemized grammar makes the rule of the Party much easier to manipulate, distort, and control. In this sense, the role of the regularized grammar system seems like a lubricant, which makes the rule of the Party smoother.Fourthly, the structure of newspeak becomes simplified. Not only it is influenced by the regularized English grammar in newspeak, but also the range of vocabulary becomes much smaller than before the Revolution because of the reduction of the number of English vocabulary. In detail, most of words have only one meaning remained but others, which may be danger for the Party to execute their doctrine, rejected. To take the example of the word free, now it only can be used as the meaning of without or no. Free does not means political or physical freedom any more. As the number of the reduced meaning of f ree, the structure of newspeak becomes much simpler than of Standard English. In addition, the appearance of lots of abbreviations promotes its simplification but at the same time, it also adds the difficulty of interpretation. Comintern, for instance, remind people of the closed and overenthusiastic socialist/communist group rather than the composite picture of planetary human brotherhood, red flags, barricades, Karl Marx and the Paris Commune (Orwell 351).The last feature belongs to the satire of its usage. Though the main slogan of the Party is made of the imperfect newspeakthough the definition of freedom in newspeak dictionary is already without the things mentioned, many people still use it in various meaning, it emphasized the irony of newspeak by the sentence consisting of words, which have opposite meaning.WAR IS PEACE.FREEDOM IS SLAVERY.IGNORANCE IS STRENGHT.Every line of the slogans consists of two contradictory words war and peace, freedom and slavery, and ignorance a nd strength. In the practical world or in Oceania before the Party, its composition seems very pissed and irrational, however, in 1984, it has no problem to deal like this in Oceania, where even 2+2=5 can be believed if the Party insists. To forbidden unorthodox idea and to strengthen the control over the population, the Party is obligate to emphasize sentences meaning by strong tone made of contraction, and this results in the increased irony of newspeak.These described features of newspeak actually reflect Orwells observance and opinion about contemporary totalitarian language. For example, the changed formation of English language in Oceania reflects one in modern English, and Winstons hatred toward newspeak reflected the authors. The explanation of the example is like this he once wrote the range of verbs is further cut down by means of the -IZE and DE- formations, and banal statement are given an appearance of profundity by means of the NOT UN- formation (Orwell 160), he mig ht have thought that the English language could loss its vividness by the change of formation when he wrote Politics and the English Language(1946). As times went by, his thought might change and expanded to the worry about the imprecision of modern English. Then he made use of newspeak to express his anxiety toward the decrease number of verbs, which could result in the uncertainty of English words and phrases.In summary, Orwells worry and idea about totalitarian language comes through newspeak, and the consequence of newspeak can be observed under the diminished range of expression and simpler way of thinking, people become brainwashed, and eventually they just follow the governments direction without any doubt.Newspeak Applied in Real World4.1 Newspeak in WartimeIt is a well-known fact that Orwells Newspeak reflects the language corruption by the authorities in his contemporary period. Thus, we can find how newspeak developed and changed by shedding new light on Newspeak in war t imes.One of Soviet propagada proficient once mentions Newspeak in the reportWe have created in our press a special language-the language of a socialist for a socialist citizen onlyThis language is unfamiliar and sometimes unintelligible to the masses, even to the leftist masses, in the capitalist countries.1The advanced citation about Newspeak in communist countries seems half(prenominal) right and half wrong. Actually, even the leftist in communist regimes sometimes could not understand or confuse the meaning of expressions, which is applied the concept of Newspeak. It is because Newspeak is both radical and deliberate language reform in order to conceal the original purpose of the